C1a-e notes

C1a - Making Crude Oil UsefulCrude Oil - natural fossil fuels - easily extractable -> will eventually run out - mixture of hydrocarbons - can be separated -> fraction distillationBetween every atom there is an intermolecular bond. SHORT or LONGNot enough petrol in crude oil to meet demands! Cracking - useful!Cracking - alkanes / alkenes                carbon or carbon double bondNEEDS TO HAVE A CATALYST AND A HIGH TEMPERATURE(catalyst - chemical to speed up a reaction)

C1b - Using carbon fuelsChoosing a FUEL: Energy Value Availability Storage Cost Toxicity Pollution Ease of use Combustion = methane + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + waterIncomplete Air = methane + oxygen -> carbon monoxide + waterMethane Gas - colourless gas                    - Burns - water + carbon dioxide                    - Non toxic                    - not easy to storeButane - easy to store           - camping gas           - burns like methaneCoal - easy to store       - ready & available       - pollutes the air when burned       - UK = popular

C1c - clean airChanging atmosphere - formation of the earth  Volcanoes 4 billion years ago 3 billion years ago 2 billion years ago 1 billion years ago Clean air = nitrogen 78%                 oxygen 21%                 other gases 1%Affects of atmosphere: burning fossil fuels damages air deforestation increase in population

C1d - making polymersAlkanes - single covalent bonds between carbon atomsdescribed saturated hydrocarbons (unsaturated)Alkenes - at least one carbon - carbon double covalent bonds!Atom is not bonded to max of hydrocarbonsBromine water (orange) - turns colourless when shaken with alkene!ADDITION REACTIONMonomers -> small molecules (plastics)

C1e - Designer polymersProperties of plastic transparent light weight easily mould able flexible electric insulator Structure of plastics - polymers make up plastic (constant tangle of molecules)STRONG BONDS = HIGHER MELTING POINT

C1a

C1b

C1c

C1d

C1e