C2a-e notes

C2a - Structure Of EarthLithosphere - tectonic plates                     - cold                     - rigitVOLCANOES- molten rock (above surface)- igneous- lava (cools and forms igneous rocks)- magma (molten rock below surface)Plates move because ... convection currents - heat released from radio activity  (move slowly)continental slides under - more dense

C2b - Construction MaterialsRocks differ in hardness!Limestone - sedimentaryMarble - metaphoric

Granite - igneous

C2c - Metals and AlloysCopper - good conductor             - doesn't rust             - naturally occursreaction removes oxygen - reduction reactionElectrolysis (reaction of electricity)passes through - electrolyte e.g copper sulphate solution purifies copperElectrodes connect electrolytesPositive electrode (anode) is impure copper Negative electrode (cathode) is pure copperCathode increases in mass- pure copper depositedCu2+ + 2 e- -> Cu (s) (reduction reaction - ions gained)

C2d - Making carsRusting - iron + oxygen = oxidation reaction              - acid rain?iron + oxygen + water = hydrated ion oxideAluminium (used in cars)  - doesn't rust, less dense, lighter (better fuel economy)

Anode loses mass - copper dissolvesCu - 2 e- -> Cu2+(oxidation reaction - atoms lose electrons)

ALLOY = MIXTURE OF METALS!(smart alloys - nitinol can be bent)

C2e - making ammoniaAmmonia = Nh3 - alkine gasHarber processnitrogen +hydrogen = ammoniaN2 + 3H2 = 2NH3(both reversible reactions)                              - speeds up reaction                              - reduces percentage yeild

- expensive too construct- maintains high pressure

- low temperature increase yeild but slow reaction- too expensive- high pressure- iron catalyst (high 200 pressure 450 temperature)

Catalyst - speeds reaction up

C2a

C2b

C2c

C2d

C2e