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Descrição
FlashCards por Olivia Gniadek, atualizado more than 1 year ago
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Criado por Olivia Gniadek
mais de 6 anos atrás
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| Questão | Responda |
| What is life? What must something have to be alive? | Homeostasis Organisation Metabolism Evolution Reproduction |
| What is Homeostasis | The maintenance of internal balance even if the external environment changes significantly |
| What is Organisation | A certain degree of complexity |
| What is Metabolism | Chemical reactions involved in maintaining the living state of the cells and the organism. |
| What are the two categories of Metabolism? | Catabolism: The breakdown of molecules to obtain energy Anabolism: the synthesis of all compounds needed by the cells |
| What is Evolution | The change of heritable characteristics of biological populations over generations |
| What is Reproduction | The production of offspring by a sexual or asexual process |
| What is pollen? | A sperm delivery system |
| Where is pollen found? | only in plants with seeds |
| How do flowers reproduce? | Pollen is produced in anther Pollen is dispersed by wind or insects The pollen needs to land on the stigma Pollen then germinates and grows a pollen tube, transporting two sperm cells to the ovule Once the sperm and the egg get together then you get fertilization Seed forms |
| How would using animals to deliver pollen make reproduction more successful? | It is very directed, pollen from one flower is taken straight to another, it doesn’t muck around with any other species |
| What does the animal get out of the deal? | Pollen is edible, bees depend on pollen as a source of nutrition It’s a great little example of co-evolution |
| Are pollen grains multi-cellular | Yes |
| Where does meiosis occur in a flower | meiosis occurs in the anther Meiosis will take one cell, divide it twice into four cells One cell is a spore · A single cell will divide once into two cells - A tube cell - A generative cell Cell will divide again, making three cells within a hard protective layer Protective layer helps pollen survive in a dry, desiccating environment |
| What is a parasite? | An organism that feeds on the cell content, tissues, or body fluids of another species (the host) while in or on the host organism. Parasites harm but usually do not kill their host. |
| What are the different categories of parasitic plants? | · Holoparasites: non-photosynthetic –cannot live without their host. (obligate) · Hemiparasites: photosynthetic. some cannot live without their host so are called obligate Some Hemiparasites can live without their host and so are called facultative. |
| What happens if a plant can't produce their own carbon molecules? | They need a host plant |
| How do parasites obtain resources from the host? | · Access host's vascular (vessels) tissue via haustorium · Haustorium connects into the host's vascular systems |
| What is a Haustorium? | Attachment points from the host to the parasite Remove water and nutrients from host |
| Example of the Striga Haustorium Parasite attaches to the outside of the host plant and grows into the cortex of the host plant, where it searches for the host plants vessels | |
| What is extreme parasitism? | The parasite attaches to the parasite that attaches to the host plant Other words for extreme parasitism = epiparasitism or hyperparasitism |
| Are parasitic plants all bad for the host | Mistletoes can enhance nutrient availability in soils beneath host trees Could influence redistribution of nutrients between species Insects provide pollination services are maintain for the host |
| Why are plants Green? | plants contain a pigment called chlorophyll and chlorophyll is green |
| What is a pigment? | Pigment = a material that changes colour of reflected or transmitted light as the result of wavelength The arrangement of elements in the chlorophyll molecules absorbs longer red wavelengths and shorter blue wavelengths but not the immediate green. |
| How does pigment work? | |
| Where is the chlorophyll situated in a plant? | Chlorophyll is in photosynthetic tissue which is mostly leaves Chlorophyll is found in the centre of the leaf (cross-section) The cells in the centre of the leaf are spotty little organelles called chloroplasts Within these tiny organelles called chloroplasts, if you zoom in on the bumps you can see a chlorophyll organelle within its three membranes |
| Why do plants not use green light? | Life evolved in the oceans first. The surface bacteria were purple therefore it used green light and let the red and blue pass through – bacteria below the surface had to then be good at absorbing the red and blue light. These red and blue light absorbing bacteria are the ancestors of the plants we see today. |
| What do plants need to grow? | · Sunlight - photosynthesis · Water - cells are mostly composed of water · Soil/ nutrients such as: Magnesium, Calcium, Iron, Nitrogen, Sulphur, Phospherous · Carbon dioxide is taken up through leaves and is transferred into sugar and oxygen |
| what is limiting plant growth if a plant recieves optimal amounts of light, water and nutrients | CO2 is limiting plant growth. |
| what are the three special groups of tissue | Embryonic tissue Developing tissues Mature tissues |
| In which tissue do the cells continually divide? | Embryonic Tissues These cells will develop to become the mature plant |
| What is the name given to plant tissue that remains embryonic | Meristems |
| Where will you find Meristems | the tip or the apex (Apical Meristems) |
| where are the primary meristems located | in the shoot tip in the roots Additional primary meristems allows new branches, leaves and flowers, as well as additional roots |
| Why didn't the branches and the trunk of big trees come from meristems? | There's another group of meristems called lateral meristems Grow thicker, wider and more massive |
| What is interminate growth? | Continuous growth – all plants grow continually throughout their life span |
| Why are plants shaped the way they are? | A plant is shaped the way it is to help it to survive and reproduce in the environment in which it has evolved |
| What is evolution? | The unifying force that has produced the staggering diversity of life on Earth. → Bacteria → Flowering Plants → Mammals |
| What does a phylogenic tree show | The branching patterns of all life on earth |
| What is Darwin's theory of Evolution? | Organisms share many characteristics All organisms descend from a common ancestor in the past There's a match between organisms and their environment |
| What is biological evolution? | 1. Any change in heritable traits (not acquired traits) 2. Of biological populations (not individuals) 3. Over successive generations (not in one lifetime) |
| What is a heritable trait? | Any feature that is genetically inherited from parent to offspring |
| What is an aquired trait? | Something that is picked up during a lifetime e.g. loss of a limb/ broken bone |
| Why does evolution occur in biological populations, not individuals? | Individuals cannot evolve, groups of individuals evolve |
| What are the three ingredients for evolution? | There must be variation for a trait within a population The variation in the trait must be heritable There must be a variation in reproductive success amongst individuals |
| What is reproductive success? | the number of offspring that an individual produces but themselves need reproductive aid This may be: → Random (= genetic drift in populations) → Non-random (= natural selection e.g. birds eat the green beetles before they can reproduce therefore less green beetles and more brown) |
| what are the 5 processes that act as the basic mechanisms for evolution | Mutation Migration Sex/recombination Genetic drift Natural selection |
| What is a mutation | Mutation = 'random' change in the DNA sequence of an individual that can be beneficial, neutral or harmful. |
| What is migration/gene flow | Gene flow = migration = movement of individuals from one population to another |
| What is sex/recombination? | Sexual reproduction generates new combinations of genes by shuffling genetic variation |
| What is genetic drift | A random process that occurs in all populations but is more important in small populations |
| What is natural selection? | Individuals vary in their inherited traits Not all individuals survive and reproduce to their full potential Those with inherited traits give them a greater chance of surviving and reproducing (more offspring) non-random survival and reproduction will lead to the accumulation of favorable traits |
| What is adaptation? | Process - the evolutionary process where an organism becomes better suited to its habitat Product - Inherited characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction |
| What is the artificial selection? | Natural selection caused directly by humans |
| What are sponges? | Sponges are basal animals that lack true tissues |
| What are cnidarians? | An ancient group of eumetazoans (hydras, jellyfish, sea anemonies and corals) unique stinging structures housed in specialised cells, radially symmetrical, gastrovascular cavity |
| What are Lophotrochozoans | Lophotrochozoans have the widest range of animal body forms (flatworms, rotifers, snails, clams and squid) No digestive tract head with ciliated crown Feeding structured with ciliated tentacles three body parts (muscular foot, visceral mass, mantle) segmented body wall and internal organs |
| What are the Ecdysozoans | the most species rich animal group Segmented body, jointed appendages, exoskeleton made out of protein and chitin Cylindrical bodies with tapered ends, no circulatory system |
| Why are Echinoderms and chordates deuterostomes? | Starfish, sea urchins (Echinodermata) Lancelets, tunicates and vertebrates (Chordata) Have a norochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, post-anal Bilaterally symmetrical larvae, five part radial organisation as adults, unique water vascular system, endoskeleton |
| What do chordates have? | Notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord |
| Are vertebrates chordates? | Vertebrates are chordates that have a backbone |
| What are Gnathostomes | vertebrates that have jaws |
| What are tetrapods | Gnathostomes that have limbs |
| What are amniotes? | ○ Amniotes are tetrapods that have a terrestrially adapted egg with four chambers and a hard shell |
| Are Mammals amniotes? | Mammals are amniotes that have hair and produce milk |
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