14121105
| Questão | Responda |
| What components are lipids made out of? | Glycerol and straight-chain fatty acids |
| How are lipids biosynthesised? | Condensation and reduction of acetyl coA |
| What main enzymes are used to synthesise fatty acids? | Multi-domain fatty acid synthases, such as ketosynthase |
| What enzymes are used to modify fatty acid chains? | Elongases (length), desaturases (unsaturated) |
| What enzymes tailor fatty acids into waxes and esters? | Acyltransferase |
| What other examples of acyl-CoAs are there? Give the amino acids they're derived from and their branch structure. | 1. Isovaleryl, from leucine (iso-branched) 2. 2-methylbutyryl, from isoleucine (anteiso-branched) 3. Propionyl, from threonine (odd-chain) 4. Isobutyryl, from valine (iso-branched) |
| How are polyketides recognisable? | Heavily cyclised 1,3 pattern of oxygen atoms Alternating double bonds |
| How are polyketides biosynthesised? | Condensation and reduction of acyl-CoA, though the degree of reduction and the acyl-CoA used differs from lipids |
| Which two main enzymes are used to biosynthesise polyketides? | Polyketide synthases (PKS) 1. Type 1 PKS = multidomain 2. Type 2 PKS = multi-enzymatic |
| Which five tailoring enzymes make further modifications to polyketides? | Cyclases Acyltransferases Methyltransferases Oxygenases Glycosyltransferase |
| What are peptides made out of? | Derived from 20 naturally-occurring amino acids and a carboxylic acid |
| How are peptides identifiable? | Amide bonds |
| How are peptides biosynthesised? | Ribosomally -> Structural gene Non-ribosomally -> NR peptide synthase |
| What 2 tailoring enzymes modify peptides? | Oxidases, transferases |
| What are terpenoids composed of? | Isoprenyl pyrophosphates |
| How are terpenes recogniseable? | Repeating isoprene units (5n) |
| Which two biosynthetic pathways are terpenoids made from? | Mevalonate pathway from ACoA MEP pathway from glycolysis |
| Give an example of a monoterpene and a tetraterpene | Monoterpene: limonene Tetraterpene: Astaxanthin (carotenoid) |
| Which enzymes biosynthesise terpenoid precursors? | Isoprenyl phosphate synthases |
| Which enzymes biosynthesise individual terpenes? | Terpene synthases |
| Which tailoring enzymes modify terpenes? | Terpene cyclases Oxygenases |
| How are phenylpropanoids recognisable? | Propylbenzene units 1,2 pattern of oxygen atoms |
| Give an example of a phenylpropanoid? | Flavonoids, found in fruit and vegetables |
| Which biosynthetic pathway are phenylpropanoids synthesised from? | Shikimate pathway, to form aromatic amino acids |
| How are alkaloids recognisable? | Non-amide nitrogen atoms present |
| How are alkaloids biosynthesised? | Amino acid biosynthesis Nucleobases |
| Which enzymes are involved in the biosynthesis of alkaloids? | Decarboxylases |
| Give examples of alkaloids | Nicotine, morphine, mescaline |
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