Flashcards
Going Global: KEY WORDS
Flashcards do conjunto (67)
- 1Birth ratethe number of births per 1000 people per year in a region
- 2Death ratethe number of deaths per 1000 people per year in a region
- 3Economic migranta migrant whose primary motivation is to seek employment. Some may already have a job but may just be looking for a better job quality (i.e. work hours, pay or even a career change)
- 4Internal migrationthe movement of people between regions within the same nation e.g. rural to urban migration due to more economic opportunities in the city
- 5Intervening obstaclea barrier to a migrant such as a political border or physical feature, can include family pressures and travel costs
- 6Intervening opportunityan alternative migration destination that exists between the migrants origin and intended destination
- 7Natural increasethe difference between the birth and death rate.
More deaths than births = natural decrease
More births than deaths = natural increase - 8Structural adjustment programmesstrict conditions imposed on countries receiving loans from the IMF and the World Bank. Receiving governments may be required to cut back on healthcare, education, sanitation, and housing programmes
- 9Elitea group of people who are economically and socially powerful e.g. Bill Gates
- 10Foreign direct investmenta financial injection made by a TNC into a nation’s economy, either to build new facilities or to acquire a merge with an existing firm there
- 11Rural-urban migrationa movement of population from rural to urban areas, usually a young and male-dominated migration
- 12Development gapthe difference in levels of economic and social well-being between the richest and poorest people on the planet
- 13Gross domestic producta measure of the financial value of the goods and services produced within a territory (including foreign firms located there). It is often divided by population size to produce a per capita figure for the purpose of making comparisons
- 14Human development indexa United Nations measure of economic and social envelopment that takes into account income per capita, life expectancy and adult literacy
- 15Povertya lack of wealth. Absolute poverty describes income levels below what is needed to maintain an adequate diet. Relative poverty describes income levels that are below average for a region
- 16Petrodollarsmoney derived from selling oil. Since the formation of OPEC, states sucha s Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates (UAE, including Dubai) and Venezuela have experienced significant increases in levels of national wealth
- 17Spatial division of labourthe common practice among large firms of moving low-skilled work abroad (or ‘offshore’) to places where labour costs are low, establishing factories and call centers in poorer countries. Important skilled jobs (e.g. management and research) are retained at the firm’s headquarters in its country of origin
- 18Assembly industriesmanufacturing operations that take the products of many different industries and fit them together to make finished goods
- 19Transnational corporationa company that has operations in more than one country
- 20Branch planta factory built in a country by a TNC which has headquarters elsewhere
- 21Consumptionthe purchase and use of commodities (both food and goods) as well as services. Even landscapes can be commodified and consumed (if one pays to visit them)
- 22Glocalisationthe local sourcing of parts by TNCs in places where they assemble their (global products’ close to markets. At the same time, they are able to customize their products to meet local tastes or laws
- 23Parent companythe original business that a global TNC has developed around, and whose directors still make decisions that affect the organisation as a whole. For instance, the Walt Disney Company owns several television networks, animation studios (such as Pixar) and 11 theme parks
- 24Tertiary sectoralso known as the service sector, this consists of businesses that produce no physical product. Instead, they sell the products of manufacturing or agricultural industries, or offer a service such as education or tourism
- 25Minimum wagean hourly wage set by a nation’s government that all companies must pay to their employees. The UK has a national minimum wage of more than £5 per hour, but most poorer countries have no such rules
- 26Corethe most developed and highly populated region of a country. The growth of core regions is fed by flows of labour from less well-developed regions
- 27Switched-on placesnations, regions or cities that are strongly connected to other places through the production and consumption of goods and services. In contrast, places that are poorly connected are said to be relatively switched off
- 28Wildernessan area of the planet that has remained relatively untouched by human activity and is home to only small numbers of indigenous people (eg. the Amazon and Antarctica)
- 29Shrinking worldthanks to technology, distant places start to feel closer and take less time to reach (sometimes called time-space compression)
- 30Clustera geographical concentrated group of connected industries and institutions, including films, financial backers
- 31Cumulative causationa model that explains why wealth becomes concentrated in certain places
- 32Export processing zonea small industrial area, often on the coast, where favourable conditions are created to try and attract TNCs. These conditions may include low tax rates and exemption from tariffs and export duties
- 33Global huba settlement (or wider region) providing a focal point for activities that have a global influence
- 34Human resourcesthe abilities and potential of the human population in terms of their educational levels, their skills, the languages they speak and their capacity to innovate and invent, making them the "ultimate resource"
- 35Multiplier effectthe positive spin-offs that follow an initial investment in a region
- 36Natural resourcesmaterials found in the environment that humans have the technological ability and desire to use. These change over time as technology develops
- 37Technopolea cluster of technologically innovative businesses and research institutes, eg. Silicon Valley
- 38Trickle-downthe positive impacts on peripheral regions (and poorer people) of the creation of wealth in core regions
- 39Genealogythe study of family history
- 40Greying populationa population structure in which the proportion of people aged 65 and over is high and rising. This is caused by increasing life expectancy and can be further exaggerated by low birth rates
- 41Age-selective migrationa movement of a particular age group or gender
- 42Extended familymembers of the family beyond the core of parents and children
- 43Social mobilitythe movement of individuals between different levels of social hierarchy, usually measured occupationally
- 44Baby booma brief increase in the birth rate
- 45Secularisationa general decline in the significance of religious beliefs. A secular society is one that is more likely to be tolerant of abortion and use of contraception
- 46Displaced personspeople who are forced to move, by war, famine, political persecution or natural disaster
- 47Illegal migrantspeople who avoid border and immigration controls and enter a new country illegally. Many are voluntary migrants seeking work, but some may be forced as part of human trafficking to enter prostitution or other illegal activities
- 48Voluntary migrantspeople who move for quality of life reasons, usually economic gain
- 49Net migrationthe balance between the number of people immigrating and emigrating
- 50Sluman urban settlement in which, according to the United Nations, over 50% of inhabitants lack one or more of the following: durable housing, sufficient living area, improved water supply, access to sanitation and secure tenure (ownership). Areas of slum housing built from waste materials are called shanty towns, and if they are illegally occupying land, squatter settlements
- 51Megacityan urban area with a population of over 10 million
- 52World citya city with major economic and political power, eg. New York, Paris
- 53Urban growththe growth in physical size of a city
- 54Urban sprawlwhen urban areas grow outwards, usually uncontrollably, onto surrounding land
- 55Suburbanisationwhen the wealthy choose to live on the city edge to escape the poverty, crime, congestion and pollution of the city centre
- 56Counter-urbanisationthe movement of people out of cities and into rural areas
- 57Externalitiesthe range of benefits and costs generated by economic activity that are not fully accounted for in the price-and-market system of economics, and need to be accounted for separately. Pollution is a prime example of a negative externality, while rising literacy is a positive externality
- 58Global shiftthe global-scaled relocation of different types of industrial activity, especially manufacturing industries. As well as redrawing the world economic map, global shift has brought social, political and environmental changes to nations
- 59Deindustrialisationthe decline of regionally important manufacturing industries. It can be charted in terms of workforce numbers or output and production measures
- 60Post-industrial economyreplacement of traditional manufacturing or mining employment by an employment structure focused on services and technology (the tertiary and quaternary sectors)
- 61Purchasing power paritya measure of average wealth that takes into account the cost of a typical ‘basket of goods’ in a country. In low-income countries, goods often cost less, meaning that wages go further than might be expected
- 62Quaternary sectorthe component of a country’s employment structure that includes research, information management and financial management. Quaternary activities span computing, bioresearch, defence industries and new media, among others
- 63Ecological footprinta measurement of the area of land or water required to provide a person (or society) with the energy, food and resources they consume and the waste they consume
- 64Carbon footprintthe amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere as a result of the activities of a particular individual, organization, or community
- 65Food milesthe distance food travels from a farm to a consumer
- 66Dependencywhen a nation relies for income on outside sources and has only weak control of its own economic future
- 67Ethical purchasea financial exchange where the consumer has considered the social and environmental costs of production of the food, goods or services purchased
Informações
- Descrição
- A series of key words directly taken from the 'Going Global' section of the Edexcel AS Geography textbook.
- Criado por
- Joanna Griffith
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