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| Questão | Responda |
| Scientific Revolution in the Age of Reason | 1.Revolutionized how people looked at world 2.Edward Jenner vaccination for Small Pox 3.Natural Law- rules discoverable by reason and could help explain aspects of humanity 4.Used reason to explain human behavior and society |
| Thomas Hobbes and John Locke | Both wrote about society and the ideal form of governing it Hobbes thought people needed strict control to rein in their naturally brutish tendencies Hobbes presented an idea of a social contract where people gave up certain rights to live in society Locke thought people were moral at heart and were entitled to certain natural rights (rights you are born with), which governments were obliged to protect Locke’s ideas influenced Ben Franklin, Thomas Jefferson and James Madison |
| The Philosophes | A group of French philosophers who wrote about government, law, and society were known as the philosophes Baron de Montesquieu Voltaire Denis Diderot Jean-Jacques Rousseau During the Enlightenment, some women stood up for their inclusion in the new societies that were being imagined |
| Baron de Montesquieu | Wrote the Spirit of Laws Baron de Montesquieu believed in employing three branches of government that could balance each other’s powers Believed in a system of checks and balances |
| Voltaire | fought the slave trade and religious prejudice with his witty writings Attacked governments that were unjust was a proponent of freedom of speech |
| Denis Diderot | collected Enlightenment articles in an Encyclopedia that helped to spread ideas throughout Europe and the Americas His encyclopedia had articles from famous philosophers |
| Jean-Jacques Rousseau | thought people were basically good and should be much more free from governmental controls Wrote the Social Contract Despised social conflict Advocated the will of the majority and common good |
| Wollstonecraft | Wrote The Vindication of the Rights of Women Equal education for boys and girls |
| New Economic Thinking | Economists also applied reason to their study of economics during the Enlightenment Adam Smith and a group of French thinkers called physiocrats urged economies that operated with little government control Physiocrats rejected mercantilism which calls for government regulation of economy to regulate trade Physiocrats believed in Laissez Faire which allowed business to operate with little government interference |
| New Ideas And Challenges to Society | While churches and monarchies tried to stop the flow of Enlightenment ideas through censorship, Enlightenment thinkers found new ways of spreading their ideas, such as through novels and salons Salons are informal social gatherings Voltaire and Montesquieu used fiction to spread new ideas |
| Art and literature reflect New Ideas | The Enlightenment saw the birth of new styles in art, music, and literature Moved away from Baroque or huge colorful paintings that reflected Greek and Roman tradition Painters moved away from religion and embraced the lighter and more informal rococo composers, moved away from the baroque and into rococo and classical music This was evidenced in the works of Handel, Haydn, and Mozart In literature, the novel was king as audiences devoured long stories about their own times Daniel Defoe wrote Robinson Cruso |
| Enlightened Despots Embrace New Ideas | Some absolute rulers of the time adopted limited reforms inspired by Enlightenment ideas Enlightened Despots or absolute ruler who used their power to bring about political and social change Frederick II of Prussia, Catherine the Great of Russia, and Joseph II of Austria all showed religious tolerance Still the monarchs were not willing to share their power |
| Fredrick the Great | Ruled Prussia from 1740-1786 Had tight control over his subjects Openly praised Voltaire Reduced torture and allowed for free press Recognized freedom of religion |
| Catherine the Great | Exchanged letter with Voltaire and Diderot Believed in equality and freedom Abolished torture and established religious freedom in Russia Criticized institution of serfdom |
| Joseph II | Son of Maria Theresa Ruled Austria Supported religious equality Ended censorship Provided for poor Abolished serfdom |
| Britain Becomes a Global Power | At the time of the American Revolution, Britain was a world superpower It had begun to build its empire and already controlled trade with much of North America, the West Indies, and India George III came to power in 1760 and was determined to assert |
| The Colonies in the Mids-1700’s | In Britain’s American colonies, economic life was booming by 1750 Although Britain tried to regulate trade and other aspects of life in the colonies, there was a sense of semi-independence on the part of the colonists, who tried to control their own affairs Navigation Act was passed to regulate colonial trade and manufacturing |
| Colonial Express Discontent | When King George III imposed taxes on the colonies to help pay for wars, the colonists rebelled Stamp Act taxed newspapers and pamphlets “No taxation without Representation” Declatory Act said it had complete authority over the colonist March of 1770 Boston Massacre occurred followed by the Boston Tea Party As tensions increased representatives from each colony met in Philadelphia for Continental Congress |
| Colonial Express Discontent | During the Second Continental Congress colonials declared independence from Britain Thomas Jefferson of VA wrote the Declaration of Independence The Declaration was based on Locke’s ideas of popular sovereignty (all governments power comes from the people) |
| American Revolution Continues | Cause looked bleak for Americans Did not have the army, the navy, the weapons or resources of the British The colonies were suffering massive losses They turned to the French, Dutch and Spaniards for help The British enlisted the help of the Indians and slaves With their passion, with their knowledge of the countryside, and with help from France, the Netherlands, and Spain, the colonists defeated the British |
| Key Events in the War | Battle of Saratoga was turning point in war because French joined war and provided men, weapons and supplies to Colonial Army Valley Forge- Washington's troops suffered heavy casualties because of abnormally cold winter Siege of Chesapeake Bay- The French laid siege to CB and forced British to surrender Yorktown, VA is where the British General Cornwallis surrendered The Treaty of Paris ended the war and recognized the independent United States of America |
| A New Constitution | When the Articles of Confederation proved too weak to establish effective government, some of the nation’s leaders drafted the Constitution based on Enlightenment ideas of Locke, Montesquieu, and Rousseau The new government would recognize some basic rights of the people and establish three branches of government to create checks and balances This document served as a model for constitutions created by other countries |
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