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Descrição
| Questão | Responda |
| Describe Carbon. | -Carbon is small -It can change shapes -It has 6 protons, 6 neutrons, and 6 electrons -It forms covalent bonds |
| Define Ions. | Ions are atoms with a charge (when an atom either loses or gains an electron). |
| Describe Water | -It is made of two hydrogens and an oxygen by a covalent bond. -They are attracted to one another and stick to each other. |
| Define a.) adhesion and b.) cohesion | a.) the attraction of two different molecules to one another. b.) the attraction of two molecules that are the same to one another. |
| Define Capillary Action | Capillary action uses cohesion to cause water to defy gravity. |
| Define a.) Solvents b.) Solutes | a.) something that dissolves other things. b.) something that dissolves in a liquid. |
| What is the difference between hydrophilic substances and hydrophobic substances? | Hydrophilic substances can break apart waters hydrogen bonds and are solutes. Hydrophobic substances cannot dissolve because they are repelled by water. |
| How is sweat helpful to the body? | Sweat helps keep the skin cool. It does this by evaporation. The more humid it is, the slower the sweat will evaporate. That is why there is less sweat on a dry day. |
| What are carbohydrates made up of? | They are made up of sugars. For example: monosaccharides and disaccharides, etc. |
| Fill in the blank: glucose + fructose = ? | Sucrose |
| True or false? Lipids dissolve in water. | False. |
| Describe the terms "saturated" and "unsaturated." | Saturated = the max volume has been filled. Unsaturated = there is room to hold more. |
| Describe semi-permeable cell walls. | Cell walls are made up of phospholipids. The polar end of phospholipids are hydrophilic, which means they are attracted to water and they face away from each other; but the non-polar end is hydrophobic, or repelled by water so they face toward one another. |
| Describe Eukaryotic Cells vs. Prokaryotic Cells. | Eukaryotes: -Contain a nucleus and organelles. -Cilia are small, and flagella is like a tail. -The cytoplasm is composed of water, nutrients, and a cytoskeleton. Prokaryotes: -Do not have a nucleus, and are different in shape than eukaryotes. |
| Elaborate on the various types of organelles found in cells. | -Centrosomes assemble microtubules. -Rough ER has ribosomes. It handles synthesis and packaging of proteins. -Smooth ER produces lipids, performs cell detox, and stores ions. -Ribosomes assemble amino acids into polypeptides. -Golgi apparatus package and send things out of cell. -Lysosomes digest and reuse cell waste. -Mitochondria transfers energy from food through respiration. |
| Define: a.) Diffusion. b.) Hypertonic. c.) Hypotonic. d.) Isotonic. | a.) spreading out as far as possible. b.) more inside cell than outside. c.) more outside cell than inside. d.) Same amount inside as outside. |
| True or False? ATP can be broken up into ADP to be used for energy. | True. |
| What is "exocytosis" and "endocytosis"? | Exocytosis releases things out of the cell. Endocytosis brings things into the cell. |
| Elaborate on Plant Cells. | Plant cells have cell walls, which protect them and surround the plasma membrane and is made of cellulose and lignin. They have also have plastids (food storage), chloroplasts (which holds chlorophyll, a green pigment used in photosynthesis), central vacuoles (which expand with water to provide turgor pressure). |
| Write out the chemical formula for glucose. | C6H12O6. |
| What does C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6 O2 (oxygen) = ? | Glucose plus oxygen = 6 CO2 (carbon dioxide) + 6 H2O (water) + energy. |
| a.) what does ATP stand for? b.) what does ADP stand for? | a.) adenosine triphosphate. b.) adenosine diphosphate. |
| Define Hydrolysis. | When water is used to break something down. |
| Define Glycolysis. | The breaking down of glucose into pyruvic acids. The result is 4 ATPs, 2 pyruvates, and NADH. |
| Describe anaerobic vs. aerobic. | Anaerobic processes do not require oxygen, while aerobic processes do. |
| List the three stages of cellular respiration. | 1. Glycolysis (occurs in cytoplasm). 2. Krebs Cycle (occurs in inner mitochondria). 3. Electron Transport Chain (where ATP molecules are made). |
| Who was one of the first scientists to really study heredity? | Gregor Mendel, a monk. |
| How many chromosomes do humans have? | Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, or 46 individually. One from each pair is from the mother and the other in that pair from the father. |
| True or False? Alleles are different forms of the same gene. | True. |
| What are amino acids made up of? | Gene segments. |
| What do the terms "dominant" and "recessive" mean? | For each trait you can have, there are two possibilities (for example: wet ear wax or dry ear wax). One of each trait is dominant, and one is recessive. If one of your parents has the dominant one and the other has the recessive one, you will always receive the one that is dominant. If both have the dominant one, you will still receive it. But only if both parents have the recessive one will you receive that trait. |
| Describe homozygous vs. heterozygous. | Homozygous means you have the same allele from each parent, whereas heterozygous means each parent gives you a different allele. |
| Which parent determines the gender of the child? | The father will. Women have Xs for both sex chromosomes, whereas men have an X and a Y chromosome. If the father gives an X, the child will be a female with XX; but if the father gives a Y, the child will be a male with XY. |
| True or False? DNA molecules are made up of nucleotides. | True. |
| What is a nucleotide made up of? | Five carbon sugar molecules, a phosphate group, and 1 of four nitrogen bases. |
| Name the four nitrogenous bases. | -Adenine. -Guanine. -Cytosine. -Thymine. -Adenine will only bond with thymine and guanine will only bond with cytosine. |
| What are the differences between DNA and RNA? | -DNA is double stranded. RNA is single stranded. -The sugar of RNA is ribose rather than deoxyribose. -RNA has uracil rather than thymine. |
| What does replication do? | It multiplies the cell. |
| Who discovered DNA? | Frederick Miescher did in 1869. Rosalind Franklin helped to expand on his ideas. |
| What Occurs During: a.) transcription b.) translation | a.) the RNA polymerase "unzips" the DNA strands and copies the sequences, adding the important and subtracting the unnecessary. b.) This is where the information is translated. |
| What are polypeptide chains? | The amino acids that result from the DNA translation. |
| What is mitosis? | This is when the cells in the human body split up and clone themselves. In an average lifetime, mitosis occurs in the body 10,000,000,000,000 times. |
| What are the stages of mitosis? | -Prophase -Metaphase -Anaphase -Telophase -Interphase is the stage the cell is in when mitosis is not occurring. |
| How does meiosis differ from mitosis? | Meiosis is sexual reproduction, rather than asexual reproduction like mitosis. This means that it requires two parents in order to result in a child that is different from both. Mitosis, on the other hand, is the cloning of a cell. Meiosis also does each of the stages twice. |
| True or False? Polar bodies are helpful to the human body. | False. |
| How are CHOs (carbohydrates) helpful to the human body? | They provide energy, aid in heart health, reserve glycogen, prevent ketosis and disease, etc. |
| How is fiber classified? | By its solubility. |
| True or False? Starch is a simple carb. | False. |
| True or False? Glucose is the primary storage carb. | True. |
| Is lactose found in plants? | No. |
| Sour milk is an example of what? | Lactose breaking down. |
| What are carbohydrate molecules made up of? | Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (hence the chemical formula: CHO). |
| True or False? Glucose is found in plants. | True. |
| True or False? Lipids are organic molecules that don't dissolve easily in organic solvents, but are more soluble in water. | False. It's just the opposite - lipids dissolve easily in organic solvents, but are less soluble in water. |
| What are two classifications of fatty acids? | 1. Chain Length. 2. Degree of Saturation (saturated or unsaturated). |
| True or False? Essential fatty acids are produced by the body. | False. |
| Describe Photosynthesis. | -Two forms of photosynthesis: light dependent and light independent. -Requires: water, carbon dioxide, sunlight. -Roots absorb water and bring it to leaves of the plant. -Carbon dioxide goes in and oxygen goes out of stomata (pores in leaves). -Photons from sun are absorbed by chlorophyll. -The result of the entire process is oxygen and sugar. |
| What is chlorophyll? | It is a green pigment found in the chloroplast of the cell. |
| What three factors can impact the speed of photosynthesis? | 1. Light Intensity. 2. Carbon Dioxide Concentration. 3. Temperature. |
| How do cells use glucose? | For respiration. It is also stored as starch, fat, and oil. It also makes cellulose and proteins. |
| Where does photosynthesis occur? | Land plants, seven different groups of algae, and cyanobacteria. |
| What else occurs during photosynthesis? | After the light energy is captured, it is used to make ATP and NADPH, which synthesize organic molecules from CO2. Light dependent reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes within the chloroplast, and capture energy from sunlight. |
| What other structures/processes are involved in photosynthesis? | 1. Mesophyll Cells - contain most chloroplasts. 2. Photons - packets of EM radiation; the shorter the wavelength, the higher the energy. 3. Porphyrin Ring - a ring of pigments alternating from double to single bonds. 4. Carotenoids - pigments that appear yellow/orange to the human eye. 5. Photolysis - the process of splitting up water. |
| Define Gene Mutations. | Changes in the nucleotide base sequence in a cistron, which is the section of DNA that constitutes a gene. |
| Are gene mutations common? | No, they are random and rare and only occur because of errors during DNA replication. |
| What are point mutations? | When the error only occurs in a single nucleotide base. |
| What happens if mutations occur in gametes? | That mutation can be inherited by offspring and passed on to future generations. |
| In point mutations, what are deletions, insertions, and substitutions? | a.) the loss of a nucleotide base pair. b.) the addition of a base pair. c.) the replacement of one nucleotide pair with another, or the alteration of one base in one triplet of the DNA template strand. |
| What are frame-shift mutations? | When a mutation doesn't occur in a multiple of three, and therefore produces a non-funtional protein. |
| What is a silent mutation? | When a change in one base of the coding strand changes a codon into another that is translated into the same amino acid. |
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