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| Questão | Responda |
| Varför är de molekylära toxiska mekanismerna sällan kända? | technical difficulty to study chemistry of life still not completely understood |
| Lipid peroxidation | redan pratat om... |
| Acidosis | Minor pH-variations are handled by: buffers in blood increased CO2 exhalation increased acid excretion via urine • Acids are usually poorly absorbed (hydrophilicity) • “Masked” acids can be metabolized and cause acidosis pH of the blood has to be strictly regulated normally 7.35 – 7.40 alkalosis > 7.40 acidosis < 7.35 Acute effect: Death when pH <7 or pH > 8 Chronic effect: calcium loss, kidney diseases, etc. |
| Energy production in cells | Inhibition of any process (respiratory chain, oxidative phosphorylation, citric acid cycle, oxygen transport) can be toxic |
| CO | targets haemoglobin, binds Fe(II) better than O2 does |
| Uncoupling effect | • ”Uncouplers”: “Rushes” engine, but no force to the wheels: • Respiratory chain is not blocked, but it only produces heat but not ATP.... |
| Nerve toxic compounds | (1) Block the reuptake or reabsorption of neurotransmitters (2) Bind to the receptor and stimulate it (agonists) (3) Bind to the receptor but not stimulate it (antagonists) (4) Block the ion channels (5) Inhibit the enzyme that can inactivate the neurotransmitters |
| Allergy causing compounds | • Antigens are big molecules (M>5000), but small molecules (called haptens) can bind to endogenous molecules (e.g. proteins) to stimulate the immune system. • Electrophile (or pre-electrophiles), radical-generation molecules, metal ions can be potential allergens |
| Teratogenic compounds | Effects unborn babies |
| Genotoxic compounds | nästa föreläsning tror jag |
| Carcinogens | också nästa föreläsning |
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