3.3

Questão	Responda
Intraspecific relationships	between individuals of the same species.
Interspecific relationships	between individuals of different species
Territory	The area an animal will defend
Home range	The area an animal will search for food, mates and nest sites.
Ecological niche	The sum total of an organisms requirements and its inter-relationship with other organisms in the community.
Agonistic	any social behaviour related to fighting, such as aggressive or submissive.
Mutualism	A relationship where both species benefit.
Exploitation	(Parasitism, predation) a relationship where one species is harmed and the other benefits.
Competition	A relationship where both species are harmed.
Batesian mimicry	the resemblence of a harmless or palatable species to one that is dangerous or poisonous.
Mullerian mimicry	several poisonous or dangerous species that all have similar warning coloration patterns.
Kin Selection	favours altruistic (self sacrificing) behaviour towards relatives. An individual will sacrifice its own opportunity to reproduce for the benefit of a close relative.
Monogamy + advantages	One partner- Does not have to expand energy trying to find a new mate, more energy to invest in protection and feeding the young so survival rate increases. Once the breeding pair have bred their first offspring, they are experienced.
Polygamy + advantages	More than one partner- Increased genetic diversity within the population, means the population are more likely to survive changes in the environment, and pass on their genes. If a mate dies then they can acquire a new mate next breeding season.
r-strategists	no parental care with large numbers of young, relies on a few young to survive to adulthood.
K-strategists	large amounts of parental care, very few offspring produced and parents spend a lot of time and effort raising the young.
Commensalism	occurs when one species benefits and the other is unaffected.
Allelelopathy	reduces competition in plants by producing chemicals that inhibit growth of other species.A
Antibiosis	when one species is harmed and one species is unaffected.
Group formation- Advantages	Increased chance of finding food through hunting. Easier to find a mate. Greater protection from predators. Protection from physical factors. Greater learning opportunities. Division of labour. Safer to navigate when migrating.
Group formation- Disadvantages	Increased competition between group members for resources. Increased chance of spread of diseases. Interference with reproduction.
Courtship Behaviour	Ensure two animals are the same species, attract a mate, trigger ovulation in some cases, synchronise the release of gametes, suppress aggression, help select the 'best' mate, initiate nest building in some animals.
Parasitism	Exists at the expense of the host, feed off the host without killing the host. 4 types: Ectoparasites (live outside the body), Endoparasites (live inside the body), Social parasites (exploit the host e.g cuckoos) Plant parasites.
Stratification	A vertical pattern, typical in many plant communities.
Zonation	A horizontal pattern e.g Rocky shore.
Succession	A pattern seen over time, interspecific competition is a contributing factor. 2 types: Primary (occurs in an environment that has previously not supported life) and Secondary (occurs on land that has previously supported life).
Plant responses- Tropisms	Growth response of a plant towards or away from a stimulus coming from one direction. Photo, Geo, hydro, chemo, thigmo.
Phototropism mechanism	Auxin is produced in the shoot tip (apical meristem), When light is shone on the seedling the auxin travels to the darker side, resulting in a higher concentration of auxin on the darker side. The auxin then promotes cell elongation resulting in upwards growth towards the sun.
Geo/Gravitropism mechanism	v
Nastic responses	The movement of a plant in response to a non-directional stimulus. They are fast in comparison to slow growth responses (tropisms).
Rapid leaf movements	When leaves of sensitive plants are touched they drop down and the leaflets fold together, this is a thigmonasty and is a response to either animal herbivory or if in a windy situation prevents water loss.
Sleep movements	Leguminous plants such as beans lower their leaves in the evening and raise them to horizontal in the morning.
Animal orientation responses	Taxis, Kinesis, Homing, Migration.
Taxis	Movement of a whole organism towards or away from a stimulus coming from one direction.
Klino-taxis	Klino-taxis: Moving its body side to side e.g Negative phototaxis. Tropo-taxis: Stimulus detected by simultaneously by receptors on both sides of the body e.g Negative geotaxis. Telo-taxis: lame.
Kinesis	THe change in rate of movement of the whole organism in response to the change in intensity of a non-directional stimulus.
Types of Kinesis	Orthokinesis: The speed of the movement is related to the intensity of the stimulation e.g Slaters move faster in bright light and slower in dim light. Klinokinesis: The amount of random turning is related to the intensity of the stimulation. e.g Flatworm turns more frequently in increasing light.
Homing	The ability of an organism to find its way home over unfamiliar territory.
Migration	The annual, mass movement of organisms from an area where they breed to an area where they do not breed.
Navigation methods	Visual Clues, Magnetism (animals have a magnetic compass), Sun Compass (movement of sun), Chemical navigation (involves taste or smell), Sound.
Biological rhythms	Influenced by abiotic factors, environmental cues such as day length, timing and height of tides are used by plants and animals to establish and maintain a pattern of activity.
Daily rhythms	Linked to the day/night cycle, Nocturnal, Diurnal , Crepuscular.
Tidal rhythms	1 tidal cycle = 12.4 hours, caused by the rise and fall of tides.
Lunar rhythms	1 lunar cycle = 29 days, linked to the changing phases of the moon.
Annual rhythms	1 year cycle= 365 days, result in change in temp or day (night) length.
Compound rhythms	lame.
Biological clocks	Prediction of and preparation for events in the environment e.g storing food reserves for hibernation. Synchronization of social activities, migration, reproduction and some internal processes.
Exogenous Rhythms	A direct response to the environmental cues and are not internally controlled.
Endogenous Rhythms	Controlled by internal biological clocks, they continue in the absence of environmental cues, however the period may change slightly from what happens in the natural environment.
Zeitgeber	Environmental cue that resets the biological clock so that it is synchronised with the environment, it acts as a time keeper.
Entrainment	This is when the internal clock is reset to take up the period.

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	Criado por Jana Gallagher aproximadamente 9 anos atrás