Lecture 9- Nucleic Acids

Questão	Responda
What is the structure of a nucleotide?	Sugar (ribose or deoxy ribose), nitrogenous base and a phosphate group
What is a nucleobase?	Nitrogenous base
What is a nucleoside?	Nucleobase + sugar
What is a nucleotide?	Nucleoside +phosphate
What is a nucleotide called if 2 or 3 phosphates are present?	Nucleotide diphosphate and nucleotide triphosphate
How is the sugar attached to the nucleobase?	Beta-N-glycosidic link
What is a pyrimidine nucleobase?	Heterocyclic organic compound consisting of a pyrimidine ring. (Long name small structure)
Which nucleobases are pyrimidine nucleobases?	Cytosine, thymine and uracil
Image: cytosine (image/jpg)	Cytosine
Image: tymine (image/jpg)	Thymine
Image: uracil (image/png)	Uracil
Why is thymine more stable than uracil?	Methylation make thymine more stable which means RNA degrades quickly
What are purine nucleobases?	Heterocyclic organic compounds consisting of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring (shorter name more complex structure)
Which bases are purine bases?	Adenine and guanine
Image: adenine (image/jpg)	Adenine
Image: guanine (image/jpg)	Guanine
Where can the aldopentose sugar ribose be found?	ATP, GTP, NAD+, DNA (in deoxy form) and RNA
Write equations to show the dephosphorylation and releases energy from ATP	ATP <-> ADP + P ADP <-> AMP + P ATP <-> AMP +PP
What is the role of cAMP?	Cell signalling molecule
What is the role GTP?	Important in cell signalling and protein synthesis
Image: ATP (image/jpg)	ATP
Image: GTP (image/png)	GTP
Image: cAMP (image/png)	cAMP
What is NAD+?	Co-enzyme in cellular reactions
What is the role of NAD+?	Acts as an electron acceptor in cellular respration
In DNA what bond forms between the phosphate on one nucleotide and the deoxyribose sugar on the next?	Phosphodiester bond (this forms a sugar phosphate backbone) which is a covalent bond
What bonds form between the bases on each strand of DNA?	Hydrogen
Are the strands in DNA parallel or anti parallel?	Anti parallel
What direction are the strands read in?	5' end to 3' end
How many hydrogen bonds form between the complementary base pairs A and T?	Two (T for 2)
How many hydrogen bonds form between the complementary base pairs G and C?	Three (C rhymes with 3)
What are genes?	They are portions of DNA that code for proteins
What is the genetic code?	Non overlapping- each base is only part of one codon Universal- a single codon can only code for one amino acid Degenerate- for most amino acids there is more than one codon
How can DNA be used in molecular biology?	Forensic DNA 'fingerprint' analysis, DNA sequencing, somatic gene cell therapy, genetic engineering to make or change proteins
How is RNA different to DNA?	Uracil replaces thymine, ribose sugar replaces deoxyribose and it is a single strand not a double strand
What is the role of mRNA?	It converts the genetic information in DNA into a template that can be used to construct a protein molecule
What is the role of tRNA?	It helps transport the amino acids that build the polypeptide chain of a protein
What is the central dogma?	Image: Cricks_1958_central_dogma (image/jpg)
What type of replication does DNA undergo to produce two identical daughter cells?	Semi-conservative
What is meant by the "3' end?	Free OH group on carbon 3
What is meant by the "5' end?	Phosphate group attached to carbon 5
What type of bond links amino acids to tRNA molecules?	Ester bond
What doesn't obey the central dogma?	Prion proteins and retroviruses
Why don't prion proteins and retroviruses obey the central dogma?	They propagate themselves by making conformational changes in other molecules of the same type of protein. This is could be considered the formation of a protein from a protein.

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