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| Questão | Responda |
| What are the 4 levels of explanation? | biological, basic processes, person, sociocultural |
| Biological level. Focus, involves, example? | F: the chemical and physical processes underlying behavior I:brain structure and function, sensory receptors and motor system, hormones and genetics, physiological features E: We assume that because Harry feels anxiety all day that he has general anxiety, this can be a result of excess cortisol and adrenalin excretion which is provoked by the HPA axis. Harry’s Hypothalamus is likely sending out neurotransmitters signals to the pituitary gland and thus stimulating it. This causes the pituitary gland to secrete stimulating pre-hormones (like adrenal corticoids) which effect the adrenal glands. In turn, the adrenal glands then release cortisol (AKA the stress hormone) from the adrenal glands and into the bloodstream. Adrenalin, which provokes fight or flight reaction, is likely also being produced and released throughout the body. As these hormones travel through Harry’s body they increase heart rate, blood pressure and respiration rate. This explains Harry’s shortness of breath, racing heartbeat, trembling, and dizziness |
| Basic Processes level. Focus, involves, example? | F: the psychological processes that are common to most people I: Memory, learning, cognition ESymptoms of anxiety like worrying about money, his health, and deadlines for reports that he has to hand in at work come from processes common to all people such as memory, learning and cognition. In terms of memory, Harry likely has negative memories of failure and disappointing others thus resulting in his reluctance to do so as an adult. Because of past experiences where others reacted negatively to his mistakes Harry learnt to internalize and hide his worries from people. This likely caused a buildup of worry and stress so that that Harry has no release for his negative thoughts. |
| Person level. Focus, involves, example? | F: the influence of individual differences on behavior I: age, class, education. personality, preferences E: Harry is not a confident or assertive person and because of this he does not feel comfortable talking about any of his worries with his friends and family (which is a symptom of anxiety) because he is worried that they might think he is weak and useless. His lack of assertiveness also means he did not seek help for his everyday problems until the worries accumulated and seemed magnified. His neuroticism and desperation for approval are parts of his individual personality which helps explain his anxiety thus it can be categorized in the personal level |
| Socio-cultural level. Focus, involves, example? | F: the influence of others on behaviour (social context) I: culture, socio-economic influences, peer groups, stereotypes E: Another explanation for Harry’s behavior are the cultural norms of society which dictates that men should not speak to others about their emotions or worries. Because of this Harry did not feel it would be acceptable to seek aids for his worries or the anxiety they caused. More than a general societal pressure, the opinion and presence of Harry’s peers influenced his behavior as he was worried about seeming weak in their eyes. |
| Hypothalamus on floor of 3rd ventricle? T or F? | T |
| Why is hypothalamus called the master gland? | because it controls much of the endocrine system |
| What is HPA, processes of HPA, why this occurs, example | The HPA axis is a negative feedback loop which impacts upon the types and amounts of hormones produced in the body. It is made up of the hypothalamus (located in centre of the brain), the pituitary gland (located below hypothalamus) and the adrenal cortex (located ). For example, the hypothalamus acts as the control centre and releases CRH and vasopressin (neurotransmitters), which activate the HPA axis. CRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to release the pre-release hormone corticotropin, which travels through the bloodstream to the adrenal cortex, where corticoptropin then stimulates cortisol production. Cortisol is commonly called “the stress hormone” as it regulates many of the changes that occur in the body in response to stress. Therefore the HPA could be used to explain high levels of stress. |
| blood brain barrier | once individual has enough adrenalin negative feedback loop knows through the bloodstream to stop production of adrenalin. |
| Adrenalin= energy Cortisol= stress and energy | Adrenalin= energy Cortisol= stress and energy |
| Fight or flight response process? | hypothalamus sends message via neurotransmitter to pituitary, pituitary sends stimulating hormone to adrenal medulla, adrenal medulla releases Adrenalin/epinephrine, epinephrine courses through body, causes liver to release glucose, causes lung cells to speedup respiration, causes heart cells to speed up heartbeat, causes digestive system to slow down, allows body to respond to threat |
| discuss dopamine | dopamine is released in the frontal lobe, dopamine is motivation, meaning it makes things seem important and meaningful. food, drink, sex, socialization and drugs activate dopamine and that's why they are addictive |
| what is a sample | subsection, or smaller group, of research participants selected from a larger group (population) of research interest |
| define population? | the entire group of research interest from which a sample is drawn. |
| define random sample/selection | every person in the population had an equal chance of being chosen in the sample. If it is not a random sample the experiment or survey may not accurately reflect the population. |
| benefit of larger sample? | more likely to reflect the population |
| what is an unrepresentative sample? | an unrepresentative sample is a sample which does to represent the population due to its size or that is biased in term of factors such as gender, age, socioeconomic status or cultural groups. |
| what does it mean when a sample lacks internal validity? | that it does not test the hypothesis. |
| Using small or unrepresentative sample that does not represent the population; therefore it may be inaccurate to generalise results to the wider population. A small sample usually doesn’t represent all the key interest groups within a population. T? | T |
| Define Reliability | Reliability refers to the consistency and stability of the results obtained from a research study. If results are to be considered reliable then they should be very alike each time the experiment is repeated. If there are differences in important characteristics of the participants when the study is repeated or if the conditions under which the study was conducted are different then results cannot be considered reliable. Eg in studies done at school, it may be difficult to replicate a study exactly as different students will do the study the next time, they have different gender mix, different personalities, the study may be done at a different time of day, or different time of year. It is difficult to conclude that these research studies are reliable. |
| Define Validity | the research study has produced results that accurately measures the behaviour or event that claims to have been measured. Also refers to the validity of conclusions draw by researcher. |
| define external validity? | refers to results being valid outside the lab (e.g. measuring sleep in lab may not apply to real world) |
| effect of extraneous variables? | research may be considered invalid because one or more EV may not have been adequately controlled and have therefore influenced result in an important way |
| Ethical role of the researcher? | balance harm and benefit. |
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