Microbiology importance, distinction and naming

Questão	Responda
True or false: microbes are the earliest life form?	True!
List some environmental conditions that we depend on microbes for.	An aerobic atmosphere, carbon and nitrogen cycles, and water and soil quality. They are also the base of every food chain.
List some characteristics of eukaryotic microorganisms. List some types of microorganisms that fall within this category.	Membrane-bound nuclei, membrane-bound organelles, and usually larger. These include: algae, protozoa, fungi, and slime moulds.
List some characteristics of prokaryotic microorganisms. Which types of microorganisms fall into this category?	DNA not separate from cytoplasm, usually smaller, lack membrane-bound organelles. These include archaea and bacteria.
What can't viruses do without a host?	Replicate or produce metabolic energy.
Broadly describe the structure of a virus.	Viruses consist of a nucleic acid molecule (DNA or RNA), and a protein 'coat' or capsid.
What determines the specificity of a virus' interactions with its host?	The proteins (usually glycoproteins) that constitute its capsid.
What is a prion?	A misfolded protein that appears to act in an infectious manner.
What is unique about prion diseases?	They manifest as sporadic, genetic, and infectious diseases.
Name two prion diseases that occur in humours.	Creutzfeld-Jakob Disease (CJD) and kuru.
Other than disease, name a detrimental effect of microorganisms.	Spoilage of crops/food.
What is a mycelium?	A mass of branching, interlacing filaments (or 'hyphae') of a fungus.
What is a coenocyte? Why is a mycelium coenocytic?	A coenocyte is a multi-nucleated mass of continuous cytoplasm, which is possible in a mycelium as the hyphae exhibit cross walls but these are perforated and allow free passage of nuclei and cytoplasm.
What are mycelial fungi usually known as?	Moulds!
If yeasts do not form mycelia, why are they considered to be fungi?	Because of their sexual reproductive processes: they produce asexual reproductive structures called conidia).
What are the four groups that fungi can be subdivided into?	Zycomycotina (the phytomycetes), ascomycotina (the ascomycetes), basidiomycotina (the basidiomycetes), and deuteromycotina (the imperfect fungi).
Roughly how many microbes does 1 gram of soil contain?	10^8.
How many body cells does an average human consist of? How many microbial cells are on or in a human being?	Humans consist of 10^13 human cells, but have 10^14 microbial cells living on and in us
Despite not being membrane bound, why is the DNA of prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria referred to as the nucleoid?	Because it exists in a certain area of the cell.
How do the purple bacteria generate metabolic energy?	They convert light energy to metabolic energy in the absence of oxygen.
Some organisms can use alternative electron acceptors to oxygen - such as?	NO3-, SO4-, or CO2.
How do consortia provide protection for prokaryotic communities against external agents?	Consortia, such as clone communities of up to 10^8 cells, provide physical protection by sheer numbers as a threat is unlikely to be able to physically reach all of them, and also a high cell number virtually assures the presence of a variant of any gene on the chromosome, so genetic variability, natural selection and evolution are all assured within a clone.
What are protozoa?	Unicellular, non-photosynthetic protists (protists also include fungi, algae and slime moulds).
If bacteria and archaea are prokaryotes, and fungi, protozoa, and algae are eukaryotes, what are viruses and prions?	Akaryotes.
What glycopeptide do bacteria characteristically possess at least one layer of in their cell envelope?	Peptidoglycan.
What accounts for the colour difference in Gram negative and Gram positive staining of bacteria?	The thickness of the peptidoglycan layer which holds the crystal violet dye.
The most commonly encountered bacteria have one of two shapes - what are these two common shapes?	Cocci and bacilli.
What are slime moulds characterised by?	The presence, as a stage in their life cycle, of an amoeboid multinucleate mass of cytoplasm (much like a fungal mycelium) called a plasmodium, in which the cytoplasm can flow in all directions (unlike in mycelium where it can only flow through the hyphae).

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Microbiology importance, distinction and naming

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	Criado por sophietevans quase 11 anos atrás