5281999
Descrição
FlashCards por Ari the Mermaid, atualizado more than 1 year ago
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Criado por Ari the Mermaid
mais de 8 anos atrás
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| Questão | Responda |
| Alfred Alder | Neo Freudian Birth Order, Inferiority & Superiority Compllex, Compensation |
| Mary Ainsworth | Attachment Theory |
| Albert Bandura | Behaviorist/Cognitive Theorist Social Learning, Bobo Doll... |
| Alfred Binet | Intelligence Testing Standford-Binet Intelligence Test |
| Mary Cover-Jones | Counter Conditioning "mother" of behavior therapy |
| Erik Erikson | Psychosocial Development-8 Stages |
| Gustav Fechner | Sensation and Perception Color Perception |
| Anna Freud | Psychoanalytic Child Psychoanalysis, Ego Psychology |
| Sigmund Freud | Father of Psychoanalysis |
| Harry Harlow | Attachment Cloth/wire monkey experiment |
| Wolfgang Kohler | Gestalt Theorist |
| Elizabeth Kubler-Ross | Stages of Dying |
| John Locke | Tabula Rasa |
| Abraham Maslow | Humanism Hierarchy of Needs, Self Actualization, Self Esteem |
| Ivan Pavlov | Behaviorist Classical Conditioning, Dogs,.. |
| Jean Piaget | Cognitive Development Sensimotor, preoperational, concrete, and formal operations |
| Carl Rogers | Humanism Real vs Ideal Self, Client-Centered Therapy, Unconditional Positive Regard |
| Herman Rorschach | Inkblot Projective Test |
| Julian Rotter | Locus of Control |
| Stanley Schachter | Schacter-Singer Theory of Emotion, two-factor theory of emotion: generalized arousal & appraisal |
| Martin Seligman | Social Cognitive Learned helplessness |
| B.F. Skinner | Behaviorist Operant conditioning, Schedules of reinforcement |
| Charles Spearman | G-Factor Intelligence, S factors, Factor Analysis |
| Edward Thorndike | Law of Effect, Cats, Puzzle Boxes |
| Edward Tolman | Latent Learning & Cognitive Maps |
| Herman Von Helmholz | Young-Helmholz- Trichromatic Theory of Color |
| John Watson | Classic Conditioning, Little Albert |
| Max Wertheimer | Gestalt Laws of Perceptual Organization (closure, proximity, similarity, continuity, figure ground, connectedness) |
| Philip Zimabardo | Stanford Prison Experiment |
| Stress | Process by which we perceive & respond to certain events that we appraise as threatening or challenging |
| T Lymphocytes | White blood cells that form in the thymus & attack cancer cells, viruses, & foreign substances |
| Distress | Extreme anxiety, sorrow, or pain |
| Ader & Cohen Experiment | Discovered that the immune system could be conditioned just like Pavlov's dogs...mice prone to lupus were injected with a drug to help lupus while drinking a flavored drink...eventually the taste alone reduced lupus symptoms almost as much as the drug |
| Eustress | Positive & healthy form of stress |
| Epinephrine | Hormone secreted by the adrenal glands esp. in times of stress (a.k.a Adrenaline) |
| Biofeedback | system for electronically recording, amplifying, & feeding back info regarding psychological state (ex. blood pressure, muscle tension) |
| Norepinphrine | hormone that is released by the adrenal medulla & by the sympathetic nerves & functions as a neurotransmitter...used as a drug to raise blood pressure...(a.k.a Noradrenaline) also released in times of stress |
| Set Point | genetically determined range of weight & temperature a body will try to maintain to stay at optimal health |
| Leptin | protein produced by fatty body tissue that regulates fat storage |
| Memory | persistence of learning over time through storage & retrieval of info |
| Flashbulb Memory | Clear memory of an emotionally significant moment/event |
| General Adaptation Syndrome | Seyle's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in 3 stages (Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion) |
| Encoding | processing of info into the memory system |
| Storage | retention of encoded info over time |
| Retrieval | process of getting info out of memory storage |
| Burnout | physical, emotional, & mental exhaustion brought on by persistent job-related stress |
| Type A | in a chronic state of stress, almost always has adrenaline flowing in the blood (more prone to heart disease) |
| Type B | generally relaxed & patient |
| Sensory Memory | immediate, initial recording of sensory info in memory system. Capacity: 12 items; Length: 200-500 milliseconds |
| Short term memory | activate memory that holds a few items briefly before the info that is stored or forgotten. Capacity: 7 items; Length: several seconds to a minute |
| B Lymphocytes | white blood cells that form in the bone marrow & release antibodies to fight bacterial infections |
| Long Term Memory | relatively permanent & limitless storehouse of the memory system |
| Chunking | Organizing items into familiar, manageable units, often occurs automatically..increases capacity of short term memory |
| Iconic Memory | momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic memory...lasts no longer than a few tenths of a second |
| Automatic Processing | unconscious encoding of incidental info such as space, time, & frequency, & well learned info like word meanings |
| Echoic Memory | momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli...if attention is elsewhere, sounds & words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds |
| Long Term Potentiation | Increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation...believed to be neural basis for learning & memory |
| Effortful Processing | encoding that requires attention & conscious effort |
| Amnesia | loss of memory |
| Rehearsal | conscious repetition of info either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage |
| Implicit Memories | retention without conscious recollection of skills & disposition (a.k.a procedural memory) |
| Spacing Effect | tendency for distributed study/practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice |
| Serial Position Effect | Our tendency to recall best the last & first items in a list |
| Explicit Memories | Memory of facts & experiences that one can consciously know & "declare"...processed by hippocampus |
| Semantic Encoding | encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words |
| Hippocampus | neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage |
| Acoustic Encoding | Encoding of sound, esp sound of words |
| Recall | measure of memory in which the person must retrieve info learned earlier |
| Recognition | measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned |
| Relearning | memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time |
| Visual Encoding | encoding of pictures |
| Mnemonic Devices | Memory aids, esp those techniques that use vivid imagery & organizational devices |
| State Dependent Memory | person remember things when they find themselves in the same state that they were in when they encoded the info |
| Repression | Self censors painful info such as memories received to decrease anxiety: defense mechanism in psychoanalysis |
| Mood Congruent Memory | depending on what mood, you will remember a more specific state dependent memory |
| Misinformation Effect | incorporating misleading info into one's memory (Elizabeth Loftus) |
| Source Amnesia | attributed memory to the wrong source, may be heart of false memories |
| encoding failure | an event that didn't make it into long term memory (not interesting or important enough to remember) |
| Wilhem Wundt | known for STRUCTURALISM perspective; 1st psychology lab; key idea is introspection |
| Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve | we lose most info we learn from the time we learn it, until a year later |
| William James | known for FUNCTIONALISM perspective; 1st psychology textbook; key idea is adaptation & environment; we do thinks that were advantageous for our ancestors |
| Introspection | examination/observation of one's own mental & emotional processes (Wundt) |
| Structuralism | A method of interpretation and analysis of aspects of human cognition, behavior, culture, and experience that focuses on relationships; structure is more important then function. What is making up the experience I am having right now? |
| Functionalism | what is the function of a behavior? Why does an organism respond this way? |
| Proactive Interference | old info in way of learning new info |
| Francis Galton | known for his INHERITABLE TRAITS perspective; believed intelligence was genetic and it ran in the family. Came up with statistical calculation of correlation; first to study intelligence in family; pioneered in eugenics, coined the term "nature vs. nurture". |
| Gestalt | an organized whole, emphasize our tendency to integrate pieces of info into meaningful wholes. perception is more than the sum of its parts |
| Retroactive Interference | new info in way of remembering old info |
| Psychology | study of the mind & behavior |
| Hindsight Bias | tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it |
| Overconfidence | tendency to be more confident than correct |
| Theory | explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes & predicts observations...hasn't been proven |
| Neuroscience Perspective | Explain behavior strictly in terms of biological processes; genes, hormones, & neurotransmitters |
| Operational Definition | statement of the procedures used to define research variables |
| Evolutionary Perspective | explains human thoughts & actions in terms of natural selection, we do what was advantageous for our ancestors because they lived long enough to pass on their genes |
| Case Study | intensive analysis of an individual unit |
| Psychodynamic Perspective | unconscious motives, childhood experiences, biological drives, and motivational forces influence our behavior; Psychodynamic theory mostly refers to followers of Freud, while Psychoanalytic refers to Freud exclusively |
| Survey | study a large group of people in less depth |
| Behavioral Perspective | focuses on observing behavior, & developing traits through classical & operant conditioning |
| False Consensus Effect | cognitive bias whereby a person tends to overestimate how much people agree with him/her |
| Cognitive Perspective | examines human thoughts & behavior in terms of how we interpret, process, and remember events |
| Social-Cultural Perspective | Studies how we think & behave vary across different cultures & how our culture influences our thoughts & behaviors |
| Humanistic Perspective | looks at psychology in a sense that all humans are generally good & emphasizes free will and an individuals control of their behavior (associated with Abraham Maslow & Carl Rogers) |
| Psychiatrist | medical practice that provides therapy for people with "Psychological disorders"....can use medicine (where a psychologist can't) |
| Cofounding Variables | extraneous variable whose presence affects the variables being studied so that the results you get do not reflect the actual relationship between the variables under investigation |
| Naturalistic Observation | research tool where a subject is observed in its natural habitat without any manipulation by the observer |
| Biological Psychology | study of the physiological bases of behavior ( anatomy, neurotransmitters, etc) |
| Neuron | nerve cell that is the basic building block of the nervous system |
| Dendrite | branch-like structure of neurons that extend from the cell body |
| Myelin | surrounds the axon, serves to protect the axon & speed up neural impulses |
| Neurotransmitters | Chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neurons...when released by the sending neuron, neuro-transmitters travel across the synapse & bind to receptor sites on a receiving neuron |
| Statistical Significance | if a result is unlikely to have occurred by chance |
| Culture | the set of ideas, behaviors, attitudes, & traditions that exist within large groups of people |
| Dopamine | neurotransmitter meant to affect a person's movement, learning, attention, & emotion (too little is associated with ADHD and in extreme cases Parkinson's) (too much will trigger paranormal thoughts & hallucinations ie Schizophrenia) |
| Stratified Sample | mini-reproduction of the population |
| Measures of Central Tendency | 1 number that represents a group of numbers (mean, median, mode) |
| Measures of Variability | concerned with the dispersion of the scores (range & standard deviation) |
| Serotonin | Controls the body's mood, sleep, hunger, & arousal (too little is associated with depression & possible anxiety & eating disorders) |
| Acetylcholine | neurotransmitter that triggers muscle contraction (too little is associated with Alzheimer's or memory loss) |
| Central Nervous System | brain & spinal cord |
| Brainstem | oldest part & central core of brain..beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull...responsible for automatic survival functions |
| Medulla | base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat & breathing |
| Reticular Formation | part of the brain that is involved in actions such as awaking/sleeping cycle, & filtering incoming stimuli to discriminate irrelevant background stimuli...one of oldest portions of brain |
| Thalamus | function includes relaying sensory & motor signals to the cerebral cortex, sits on top of brainstem |
| Cerebellum | region at the back of the brain that plays an important role in balance, motor control & implicit memories |
| Limbic System | set of brain structures including the hippocampus & the amygdala in the center of the brain involved in emotion & memory |
| Amygdala | brain part involved in processing emotions, particularly negative ones such as fear or anger |
| Hypothalamus | brain part that is involved in hunger, thrist, body temperature, & is link from the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland |
| Cerebral Cortex | divided into left & right hemisphere...where info processing takes place...plays key role in memory, attention, perceptual awareness, thought, language, and consciousness |
| Glial Cells | non-neuronal cells that maintain homeostasis, form myelin, & provide support & protection for neurons in the brain |
| Lesion | tissue destruction...naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue |
| Hindbrain | posterior part of the brain, consists of the medulla, the pons & the cerebullum |
| EEG (electroencephalogram) | an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface..measured by electrodes placed on the scalp |
| Midbrain | portion of brain located just above the medulla & pons & contains basic vision & hearing functions as well as the nerve pathways between the cerebral hemispheres & the medulla oblongata...is input center for muscle movement |
| CT Scan | computed tomography scan...series of x-rays taken at different angles & combined into a 3D X-ray basically |
| Frontal Lobe | portion of cerebral cortex lying just behind forehead; involved in speaking & muscle movements & in making plans & judgements |
| PET Scan | visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task (colors) |
| Parietal Lobe | portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head & toward the rear...includes sensory cortex, involved in sensations such as smell & touch |
| MRI | uses magnetic fields & radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft-tissue..allows us to see structures within the brain |
| Occipital Lobe | portion of cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head..includes the visual areas..which receive info from the opposite visual field |
| Temporal Lobe | portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears...includes the auditory areas, each of which receives auditory info primarily from the opposite ear |
| Endocrine System | body's slow chemical communication system...set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream |
| Hormones | Chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands that are produced in 1 tissue and affect another....slow messengers but they affect many areas of the body |
| Adrenal Glands | pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys..secrete the hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) & norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which help arouse the body in times of need |
| Motor Cortex (or Strip) | area at rear of frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements |
| Pituitary Gland | endocrine systems most influential gland...under influence of hypothalamus, it regulates growth & controls other endocrine glands |
| Sensory Cortex (or Strip) | area at front of parietal lobes that registers & processes body sensations |
| Association Areas | areas of cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor/sensory functions; rather they are involved in higher mental functions ie learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking (humans have more space devoted to association than any other animal) |
| Phineas Gage | railroad worker whose frontal lobe was massively damaged after an iron rod was shot up his skull...although his mental abilities & memories were intact his personality was not...his moral compass became disconnected from his behavior |
| Aphasia | impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage to either Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding) |
| Broca's Area | area of left frontal lobe, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech |
| Wernicke's Area | area in left temporal lobe, involved in language comprehension & expression |
| Enviroment | every non-genetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people & things around us |
| Identical Twins | twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in 2, creating genetically identical organisms |
| Plasticity | brain's capacity for modification, as evident in brain reorganization following damage (especially in children) & in experiments on the effects of experience on brain development |
| Corpus Callosum | large band of neural fibers connecting the 2 brain hemispheres & carrying messages between them |
| Split Brain | Condition where the 2 hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) between them to control grand seizures...language is a left hemisphere task, these people cant report out loud what something is if they only see it with their left eye |
| Absolute Threshold | smallest level of energy required by an external stimulus to be detectable by the human senses (vision, taste, smell, and touch) |
| Wavelength | distance from one wave peak to the next |
| Hue | dimension of color that is detrmined by the wavelength of light (red-long wavelength) (purple- short wavelength) |
| Intensity | amount of energy in a wave determined by amplitude..brightness, loudness (high amplitude: bright pink) (low amplitude: burnt orange) |
| Signal Detection Theory | Predicts how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise)..assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivations, and level of fatigue |
| Iris | ring of muscle that forms colored protion of the eye around the pupil & controls size of pupil |
| Subliminal | below one's absolute threshold for constant awareness |
| difference threshold | minimum difference a person can detect between 2 stimuli..experience as just a noticeable difference (Weight: differ by 2%) (Pitch: tones must differ in frequency by 0.3%)(light: 8% difference in intensity) |
| Accomodation | change in shape of lens, focus near objects...lens loses it's ability to accomodate as we age, so it becomes more difficult to focus on near objects..explains why young children rarely need glasses |
| Weber's Law | principal that to perceive their difference, 2 stimuli must differ by a constant min percent rater than a constant amount.. |
| Retina | inner surface, light sensitive, rods & cones within, layers of neurons, beginning of visual info processing |
| Sensory Adaptation | diminished sensitivity as a result of constant stimulation |
| Nearsightedness | nearby objects seen more clear, lens focuses image of distant objects in front of retina |
| Farsightedness | condition where faraway objects are seen more clearly than near objects because the image of near objects is focused behind retina |
| Colorblindness | inability/decreased ability to see color/perceive color differences, caused by a mutation on the X-chromosome & red-green color blindness is the most common |
| Color Constancy | perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object |
| Audition | sense of hearing |
| Rods | retinal receptors that detect black, white, & gray; necessary for peripheral & twilight vision...when cones don't respond |
| Cones | receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of retina & that function in daylight/in well-lit conditions; detect fine detail & give rise to color sensations |
| Middle Ear | chamber between eardrum & cochlea containing 3 tiny bones (hammer, anvil, stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the ear drum of the cochlea's oval window |
| Optic Nerve | nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain |
| Blind Spot | point where the optic nerve laves the eye creating a blind spot because no receptor cells are located there |
| Fovea | central focal point in the retina, around where the eye's cones cluster |
| Cornea | transparent, dome-shaped tissue forming the front of the eye, covering the iris & pupil |
| Cochlea | coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger impulses |
| Semicircular Canals | house the fluid that monitors equilibrium (controls sense of balance) |
| Place Theory | theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated (pitch in ear) |
| Frequency Theory | theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch (pitch in brain) |
| Feature Detectors | nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, ie shape, angle or movement |
| Trichromatic Theory | theory that the retina contains 3 different color receptors- 1 sensitive to red, 1 to green, 1 to blue, which when stimulated in combo can produce perception of any color, can't explain color blindness |
| Conduction Hearing Loss | hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea |
| Sensorineural Hearing Loss | hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to auditory nerves (a.k.a nerve deafness) |
| Opponent Process Theory | theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision |
| Basic 4 Touch Sensations | Pressure, Warmth, Cold, Pain |
| Sensory Interaction | principle that 1 sense may influence another |
| Olfactory | cells that respond selectively to an aroma, the sense of smell |
| Relative Size | if we assume 2 objects as a similar size, we perceive the bigger 1 closer up, and the smaller 1 further away (monocular depth cue) |
| Interposition | if 1 object partially blocks our view of another, we perceive it as closer (monocular depth cue) |
| Motion Parallax | as we move, objects that are actually still will appear to move |
| Perceptual Constancy | perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination & retinal images change |
| Kinethesis | system for sensing the position & movement of individual body parts |
| Vestibuar Sense | sense of body movement & position including sense of balance(located in semicircular canals) |
| Selective Attention | focusing of conscious awareness of a particular stimulus |
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