5887899
Descrição
FlashCards por Rachel Nall, atualizado more than 1 year ago
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Criado por Rachel Nall
mais de 8 anos atrás
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| Questão | Responda |
| What is the primary function of the respiratory system? | Gas exchange |
| What is the site of gas exchange? | The alveolar-capillary unit |
| Where are the alveoli located? How many are there per alveolus? | They are enveloped in the pulmonary capillaries. There are 1,000 pulmonary capillaries per alveolus and nearly 300 million alveoli. |
| By what process do 02 and CO2 move through air and blood? How does this relate to high and low partial pressures? | They move between air and blood through simple diffusion. They move from areas of high to low partial pressure. |
| What is the formula for finding the partial pressure of a gas? | Found by multiplying concentration of gas by total pressure. |
| What is the partial pressure of 02 at sea level? | 159 mmHg |
| What is the total pressure at sea level? | 760 mmHg |
| W | 47 mmHg |
| How does water vapor pressure affect the calculation of PO2 of inspired air. | You must subtract 47 (water vapor pressure in upper airways) from 760. Re-doing the calculation, the PO2 of inspired air is 20.93/100 X 713, which is 149 mmHg. |
| What are type 1 alveolar cells? | Flat cells that form tight junctions with one another. They prevent the passage of large, oncotic molecules into alveolus. |
| What are type 2 alveolar cells? | They are interspersed among Type I cells. They produce the fluid layer that lines alveoli, known as pulmonary surfactant. |
| What are alveolar macrophages? | They are phagocytic cells that destroy inspired particles, such as bacteria. |
| Describe the pathway from the trachea. | The trachea drives into R and L main bronchi - divides into lobar - segmental bronchi - terminal bronchioles (smallest airways without alveoli) |
| What do all of the bronchi make up? | The conducting airways. There are no alveoli in the conducting airways. |
| How many generations of airways are there? | 23 |
| What generation is the trachea? What about the R & L mainstem bronchi? | The trachea is the zeroth generation. The R & L mainstem bronchi are the 1st generation. |
| What bronchus are foreign bodies more likely to lodge? Why? | The right mainstem bronchus. It has greater diameter and is more nearly parallel with the trachea, so more foreign bodes are able to lodge here. |
| Where is the conducting zone? What is another name for the conducting zone? | The conducting zones are the first 16 generations of airways. They represent anatomic deadspace. Their volume is 150 milliliters. |
| What is the function of the conducting airways? What type of flow do they promote? | T |
| What are the most distal conducting airways? | The terminal bronchioles. They are at Generation 16. |
| Where are the transitional zone of the airways? | Generations 17 through 19. They represent the appearance of the alveoli and respiratory bronchioles. |
| What is the respiratory zone of the airways? | Generations 20 through 22. This is the alveolar area where gas exchange occurs. The alveolar ducts are lined with alveoli. The alveolar sacs terminate at the tracheobronchial tree. Their volume is 2.5 to 3 liters. |
| What are the two major zones of the airways? | The conducting zone and a respiratory zone |
| What is the volume of anatomic deadspace? | 150 mL |
| What is the volume of the alveolar region? | 2.5 to 3 Liters. |
| What are the two blood supplies the lungs receive? | From the pulmonary and bronchial arteries. |
| What are the functions of the pulmonary arteries? | They carry blood from the right heart to alveoli. |
| What is unique about the pulmonary arteries? | They are the only arteries that carry deoxygenated blood. EXCEPTION: Umbilical arteries in a fetus. |
| Where are the pulmonary arteries located? | The main pulmonary artery begins at the base of the right ventricle. They then branch into the right and left pulmonary arteries. |
| What do you know about the pulmonary artery pressure and flow? | Pulmonary artery pressure is low - about 15 mmHg. The flow is 6L/min. |
| What are the functions of the pulmonary artery? | They receive the whole output of the right heart. Their divisions form dense, richly anastomosing network of capillary segments. They supply the alveoli of terminal respiratory units. |
| What is the diameter of the capillary segment of the pulmonary artery? | They are 7 to 10 micrometers, which is just large enough for a red blood cell. |
| What is the thickness of the blood-gas barrier? | It is 0.2 to 0.3 micrometers. Very thin. |
| What is the effect of large increases in capillary pressure? | Large increases can damage the barrier. The capillaries can leak plasma and blood into alveoli. |
| How many seconds do RBCs spend in the capillary network? | About 0.75 seconds, and will probably traverse 2 to 3 alveoli. |
| What happens after gas exchange in the alveoli? | The oxygenated blood returns to the left heart via the pulmonary veins. |
| What is the role of the bronchial arteries? | They carry fresh oxygenated blood and supply the conducting airways. |
| What do the bronchial arteries create with the pulmonary veins? | A venous admixture. |
| What are the components of the venous admixture? | 1. Partially deoxygenated blood from bronchial circulation. 2. Newly oxygenated blood. |
| What is the result of the venous admixture? | A small physiological shunt. |
| Why is the blood-gas barrier ideal for exchange by diffusion? | It is extremely thin with a large area. |
| All gas exchange happens where? What is the volume? | At the respiratory zone |
| To where does convective flow take inspired gas? | To about the terminal bronchioles. Beyond this, the gas movement is by diffusion in the alveolar region. |
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