ANS42 Final

Questão	Responda
Define Estrus	refers to the period or time of maximal sexual receptivity
Define Anestrus	Refer to the time of ovarian inactivity
Define Estrous Cycle	Refers to an adjective that refers to the reproductive cycle & is defined from estrus to estrus & is an ovarian cycle
List the categories that the Estrous Cycle is defined?	1. Polyestrous Cycle 2. Seasonally Polyestrous Cycle 3. Monestrous Cycle
Describe Polyestrous Cycle	Consists of repeated episodes of being maximally receptive but the ovary is always working
Image: polyestrous_cycle.PNG (image/PNG)	Polyestrous Cycle
Give an example of an animal that has a Polyestrous Cycle.	Hamster-Every 4 days a hamster is in estrus. (also rats, mice, guinea pigs, cattle, mini pigs)
Describe Seasonally Polyestrous Cycle	Having estrus cycles during only parts of the year when environmental cues support the production of GnRH.
Give an example of animals that exhibit Seasonally Polyestrous Cycles.	Ewes experience estrus in the fall because decreasing daylight hours stimulates the production of GnRH. Mares & cats experience estrus in spring & summer because increasing daylight hours stimulate production of GnRH.
Image: seasonally_polyestrous_cycle (image/jpg)	Seasonally Polyestrous Cycle
Define Non-Receptive	The animal is not sexually receptive, but the ovaries are functioning (she has estrogen)
What type of estrus cycle do birds experience?	Seasonally Polyestrous Cycle, but birds are unique in that when the environmental cues don't support the production GnRH, their reproductive organs regress, so they experience anestrus.
Describe the effects of environmental cues on egg ovulation.	Image: pathway_for_maturation.PNG (image/PNG)
Image: monestrous_cycle.PNG (image/PNG)	Monestrous Cycle
Describe Monestrous Cycle	Having only one estrous cycle (one point in cycle when she is maximally sexually receptive). A single estrus punctuated by long bouts of anestrous.
Give an example of a type of animal that experiences Monestrous Cycle	Dogs
Describe Spontaneous Ovulation	An animal whose eggs are released in a cyclic process according to the schedule made by LH.
Describe Induced Ovulation	An animal who requires physical stimulation to cause the production of LH to release an egg.
Give an example of an animal that is an induced ovulator.	Cat-needs copulation to activate nerves to release LH and release the egg
How does estrogen affect a female animal's physiology?	Estrogen increases the thickness of vaginal lining in preparation to breeding
How does estrogen affect a female animal's behavior?	Estrogen is broken down into pheromones, which the female animal emits. Females urinate a lot to spread these pheromones and howl to solicit attention. During this time female's engage in Lordosis in which they raise the rump and deflect the tail.
Image: reproductive_and_urinary_tract_of_dog.PNG (image/PNG)	Dog, Cat, Rabbit (Urogenital Sinus)
Define Urogenital Sinus	Urinary Tract & Reproductive Tract come into a common exit
Image: gitractof_bird.PNG (image/PNG)	Bird
Image: turtle.PNG (image/PNG)	Turtle
Image: humansapes.PNG (image/PNG)	Humans, Rodents, Primates
Why is it important to know how the GI, Urinary, and Reproductive Tracts are arranged in an animal?	If artificially inseminating animals, you need to be certain that you are putting sperm in the right place.
Define Gestation	The period of time between conception and birth. The time when a fetus develops inside its mother before birth.
Define Lactation	The secretion of milk by the mammary glands
Define Weaning	Accustom an infant or other young mammal to food other than its mother's milk
Define Progeny	A descendant or the descendants of a person, animal, etc. (offspring)
Define Ovulation	one part of the female menstrual cycle when a mature ovarian follicle discharges an egg. It is during this process that the egg travels down the fallopian tube where it may be met by a sperm and be fertilized.
Define Puberty	The period during which adolescents reach sexual maturity and become capable of reproduction.
Gonad	site of gamete production
Ductwork	anatomy and tract for transferring egg/oval gamete to “outside” world
What is Sexual Reproduction?	Two parents needed, mitosis and meiosis, needs to search for a mate, variation and diversity from the parent (nonidentical copies), 4 gametes produced. Diversity in DNA allows selection.
Why is it necessary to know the reproductive terms?	It is necessary to know the terms in order to understand the different processes of reproduction and how diversity comes about in a population.
What is Asexual Reproduction?	One parent needed, time efficient (no need to search for a mate), no variation or diversity from the parent (identical copies), 2 cells produced, mostly bacteria, protists and fungi - in asexual reproduction the DNA is copied, but there are still mutations and evolution. Mutation rates are extremely low though in comparison to sexual repro, and there’s essentially no gene recombination in asexual repro.
What are the advantages of Asexual Reproduction?	Time efficient and don’t have to search for a mate.
What are the advantages of Sexual Reproduction?	More genetic diversity and the offspring can better adapt to fluctuating environments.
Why do the reproductive tracts appear differently dependent upon the strategies of internal vs external fertilization?	Different species have different reproductive tracts according to which is most evolutionary efficient for that species. External Fertilizers don’t need a complex duct, but need more gametes to increase chance that gametes meet and fertilize. Internal Fertilizers can produce less because the copulatory organ enters the female’s body. Requires a copulatory organ.
Describe the tract of an internal fertilizer based on where the young develops.	Internal Fertilizers-mom needs a place to put nutrients for the offspring. Internal Fertilizers such as oviviviparous & viviparous species needs a place to allow gametes to grow.
Describe the tract of an external fertilizer based upon where the young develop.	Dependent upon the species. Some animals make nests and some don't.
What is Meiosis?	The formation of two mature haploid cells (gametes) from parent cells.
What is Parthenogensis?	A variation of sexual reproduction in which the egg replicates its DNA to form a diploid. It then forms a zygote. Occurs if there is no male around to fertilize the egg.
Why is Parthenogenesis considered Sexual Reproduction?	Because it involves the production of gametes.
What is X inactivation? When does it occur?	X inactivation occurs whenever a sex linked chromosome is being expressed in the homogametic individual (either XX for female mammals or ZZ for male birds). With sex chromosomes, only one copy is needed and the homogametic individual has two copies of one chromosome. So whenever this comes up, one chromosome is randomly picked to stay and the other is erased. This happens every time a sex linked gene goes through the process of being expressed in a homogametic individual.
What does genetic variation mean to pet ownership?	The genetic variability will produce healthier individuals, so individuals who have less genetic variation may be more prone to health issues, which the owner has to deal with throughout the pet’s life. Genetic variation allows owners a wide array of traits to pick and choose. People choose traits that are aesthetically pleasant. Often these traits are not beneficial to the animal.
Why does the bird egg need to have such a significant yolk?	Because the yolk contains nutrients for the baby.
What are the advantages of Diploidy?	If one allele of a gene is destroyed or mutated, the other allele on the other chromosome can compensate, diploidy contributes to the diversity found within a population.
What are modifiers?	Modifies the phenotype of the other gene
What are the names of Mendel's laws?	Segregation & Independent Assortment
What is Mendel's Law of Segregation?	A gamete gets only a single allele for a given gene because a gamete carries only one copy of a chromosome
What is Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment?	Genes assort into gametes randomly
What is the exception to Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment?	Linked Genes
What are linked genes?	Genes that are physically close together on a chromosome. During meiosis, alleles from one gene travel together with alleles of a linked gene.
Give an example of Linked Genes	Color gene linked to "size/fitness" gene in sheep.
Describe the Orange color gene in cats.	Resides on the X chromosome, O is dominant
What would it take for a female cat to be orange?	She must have Homozygous OO
What is DNA?	The genetic information used in the development of an organism; deoxyribonucleic acid
What regulates an animal's appearance?	The sequence of bases within DNA
What are DNA strands arranged into?	Chromosomes
What are genes?	Specific DNA sequences that represent particular products; they encode proteins.
Where are individual genes located?	Individual genes are found at characteristic locations on a particular chromosome (locus or loci)
What is the locus?	The particular chromosomal region that the gene is found within.
What are alleles?	Alternate versions of genes
Why is it important to consider the population and individual?	Within a population there may be many different possible alleles for a gene but because an individual animal has only a pair of the same chromosome, an individual can have at most two alleles for a given gene.
What is a good analogy to remember chromosome, gene and allele?	The Chromosome is the street the gene lives on, the Gene is at a particular address and is the house, and the Allele is the floor plan of the house.
What are the advantages to diploidy?	The chromosomes come in pairs and there are two alleles for any given gene. If one allele of a gene is destroyed or mutated, the other allele on the other chromosome can compensate.
What determines if an allele is dominant or recessive?	The degree of compensation defines whether a particular allelic form of a gene is dominant or recessive.
What is genotype?	The allelic forms of the gene present on the chromosomes.
What is homozygous genotype?	When an animal has the same allelic form of the gene on both chromosomes
What is heterozygous genotype?	When the animal has different allelic forms for a gene on its chromosomes
What is the different between allelic forms and allelic series?	There can be a whole series of allelic forms, but within an allelic series, a hierarchy of allelic dominance is established. One allele will be more dominant than another dominant allele.
Why would an animal's phenotype differ from it's genotype?	Because one allelic form can compensate for another. The phenotype may also be affected by environmental conditions.
What is complete dominance?	A dominant allele completely dominates the gene. Ex: the homozygous BB genotype and the heterozygous Bb genotype are phenotypically equivalent.
What is incomplete dominance?	When one allelic form does not totally overshadow the other.
What is codominance?	similar to incomplete dominance in that each allele contributes to the phenotype but rather than a blending of the trait the product of each allele can be identified.
Complete the sentence: In both incomplete dominance and codominance the animal's ______ is identical to its ________.	Genotype is identical to phenotype

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