Restless Earth

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GCSE Geography (Restless Earth) FlashCards sobre Restless Earth, criado por Anna Hollywood em 28-03-2014.
Anna Hollywood
FlashCards por Anna Hollywood, atualizado more than 1 year ago
Anna Hollywood
Criado por Anna Hollywood mais de 10 anos atrás
129
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Resumo de Recurso

Questão Responda
Between what depths is the inner core? 5270-6370km
Between what depths is the outer core? 2900-5270km
Between what depths is the lower mantle? 700-2900km
Between what depths is the upper mantle? 35-700km
What is density of the outer core? 9.9-12.2 (g/cm3)
What is state of the outer core? Liquid
What is composition of the outer core? Iron and nickel
What is temperature of the outer core? 4000-5000 'C
What is density of the lower mantle? 4.4-5.6 (g/cm3)
What is state of the lower mantle? Solid
What is composition of the lower mantle? Peridotite
What is temperature of the lower mantle? 1600-4000 'C
What is density of the asthenosphere? 3.4-4.4 (g/cm3)
What is state of the asthenosphere? Partially molten
What is composition of the asthenosphere? Peridotite
What is the temperature of the asthenosphere? 900-1600 'C
What is the thickness of the oceanic crust? 6-8km
What is the density of the oceanic crust? 3.3 (g/cm3)
What is the state of the oceanic crust? Solid
What is the composition of the oceanic crust? Basalt
What is the temperature of the oceanic crust? Air temp-900 'C
What is the thickness of the continental crust? 30-50km
What is the density of the continental crust? 2.7 (g/cm3)
What is the state of the continental crust? Solid
What is the composition of the continental crust? Granite
What is the temperature of the continental crust? Air temp-900 'C
What is it called is a conservative margin? Where the plates rub together, they finally overcome the friction and there is a sudden energy surge, causing an earthquake (often around 8.5)
Example of somewhere on a conservative margin The pacific and north American plate
What is a constructive margin? Where the plates move apart and magma rises in the gap, cools and solidifies. This creates a volcano (around 5-6)
Example of somewhere on a constructive margin The Eurasian and North American oceanic plates pulling apart (erupt basalt lava at 1200'C)
What is a destructive margin? The heavier (oceanic) plate slides under the lighter (continental) plate, partially melting. This is subduction. Earthquake and volcano is formed (9.5) (erupting andesite lava at 900-1000 'C)
Example of somewhere on a destructive plate margin Nazca and South American plate
What type of volcano is rated 1-3 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index? A (gentle) strombolian
What type of volcano is rated 3-5 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index? An (explosive) vulcanian
What type of volcano is rated 4-7 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index? A (cataclysmic) plinian
Active These have erupted in recorded history
Dormant Not erupted in recorded history, but show clear evidence of the capacity to do so again
Extinct Not erupted in recorded history, don't show clear evidence of the capacity to do so again
Primary effects = Initial impact of hazard (death, buildings collapsing)
Secondary effects = Knock on effects of hazard (homelessness)
Focus = Place in the Earth's crust where the earthquake happens
Epicentre = Point on the Earth's surface directly above where the earthquake hits
Population density = Number of people living in an area
How can we use seismicity to predict a tectonic hazard? Seismometers measure the movement of the ground to see if there are small foreshocks just before an earthquake
How can we use geographical measurements to predict a tectonic hazard? Graphing the magnitude of earthquakes in specific places from the past to see if there's a pattern
What is the gap between earthquakes of a similar magnitude called? Recurrence intervals
How can we use gas to predict a tectonic hazard? Monitoring to see if radon gas and sulphur dioxide are escaping from the fault
How can we use hydrology to predict a tectonic hazard? Checking if water levels in wells are falling-could be going into small tension cracks just before earthquake
How can we use ground deformation to predict a tectonic hazard? Putting laser beams across the fault, so that they can see any initial small movements
What causes tsunamis? Tsunamis are usually caused by ocean floor earthquakes or underwater volcanic eruptions
Tsunamis in ......... oceans are long but low Deep
Tsunamis approaching the .......... are short but high Shore
How big are tsunamis? 25+m
How long are tsunamis? 100-1000km
How fast are tsunamis? 640-960km/h
How long is the time between each wave? 10 - 60 minutes
Describe a shield volcano (4 points) -Low, quite flat, gently sloping sides -Thin, runny lava - runs forming shape - Frequent (gentle) explosions -On constructive boundary
Example of a shield volcano Mauna Loa, Hawaii
Describe a composite volcano (4 points) -Steep sided, alternate layers of ash and lava - Thick, slow lava - Pressure builds up, very explosive (sometimes pyroclastic flow-ash, rock, dust) - On destructive boundary
Example of composite volcano Mount Fiji, Japan
6 features of hazard-resistant design in an MEDC - Damper in roof (like pendulum) reduces sway - Cross bracing stops floor collapsing -Shock absorbers in cross braces -Strong, flexible steel frame -Strong double-glazing (reduce shattering risks) -Very deep foundations (prevent collapse)
5 features of hazard-resistant design in an LEDC - Cross braced wood - Concrete rings ties walls to foundations - Simple steel rod foundations - Walls made of mud & straw packed between wooden slats -Lightweight thatch roof
Example of where the design is used in an MEDC Japan - Gas supplies automatically shut off to prevent fires
Example of where the design is used in an LEDC China - Sickllan earthquake caused over 700 schools to collapse, design now used in schools

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