GM Crops

Questão	Responda
Golden Rice 4	2 daffodil genes and microbial gene beta-carotene biosynthetic pathway partially meet daily requirements for vitA Seed distribution free for poorest farmers
Transgenic Plants 2	Plasmid vector Agrobacterium tumefaciens for DICOTYLEDONS (2 leaves for germination) Gene gun for MONOCOTYLEDONS (1 leaf for germination) - crops
Ethical Issues of GM 5	Issues in West stop GM getting to 3rs world Profit driven? Long-term damage to envi? Patent profits - 3rd world guinea pigs GM plants for biofuels?
Non-lethal GM pest control 7	E-beta-farnesene Alarm pheromone Against aphids on wheat crops Produced in many but not all plants Biosynthetic pathway engineered in arabadopis first Deters aphids Attracts parasitic wasps and ladybirds
Patenting GM Plants 5	Var. protected by Plant Breeders Rights GM organisms can be patented :) Legal protection for investors :( comodification of life Living things human invention?
Problems of unpredictability 6	Var. number of genes incorporated Diff chromo. sites of gene intergration Var. extent and tissue - specifically transgene expression Not always stably inherited Transgen expression vary/vanish Success rates pretty low
Golden Rice Criticism 4	Greenpeace - need eat 9kg of GR a day for RDA of beta-carotene RDA and min. requirement diff. Kids benefit from a little (10%) Greenpeace - vit pills and carrots as effective Syngenta (company producing GR) - use GR to get GM crops into 3rd world
Early GM Plants 4	F.Stewart Cloned carrot from isolated protoplasts Each protoplasts = undifferentiated cells forming a callus Callus grows to roots/stems/leaves and later differentiate
GM Tomato Paste - Background and Advantages 6	Inactivated polygalacturonidase (PG) Antisense PG gene to block PG translation Delays softening Less waste for producer Less waste for processor Better taste as higher fibre content
GM Tomato Pastes - Disadvantages 5	Selectable marker ab resistance gene kanamycin - possibilty of passing to gut bacteria? (bull) Could be easily removed Offend deontological purposes Same endpoint could be reached by selective breeding
Golden Rice 2 4	Produces x23 of beta-carotene One daffodil gene replaced with maize gene (psy replaced) Fed to kids in China Delayed announcement until product was better
Objections to GM Plant patenting 4	Secrecy - years for patent to be granted Hard to check validity of claims No clarity for lawyers Boost sales while patent protects it - unrealistic claims
GM Potato Scandal 4	Rats fed on GM potatoes - damage in GI tract and IS Potatoes expressed insecticidal snowdrop lectin Leak to media before publication Gov funded Rowett Institute disowned and head scientist fired
Consequentialist concerns for GM plants 2	Safety of GM for consumers Envi. - superweeds, gene flows, ab resistance
G Potato Scandal - Criticism of the media 5	Sample size was tiny (6) No clear trends Too many comparisons Raw green potatoes naturally toxic GM strain known to be protein deficient
Herbicide resistance crops - Advantages 3	Has bacterial not plant EPSP synthase gene Isn't inhibited by herbicide glycophosphate Possible reduction in use of herbicides
Herbicide Resistance Crops - Disadvantages 4	Weeds also become resistant Genetic pollution - GM onto Organic - if exceed threshold it cannot be sold as organic Herbicide resistance cross to wild relatives (no maize relatives in UK, but oil seed rape does) Such resistance can also be from natural selection
Herbicide Resistance Crops Safe Margins 4	Minimise spread of GM pollen genes Distance needed varies between species Wheat pollen heavy so doesn't travel far Justice ethics - Terminator tech Maybe male-sterile crops -Impossible for 3rd world use
Recent Developments 4	Vaccine proteins or abs made in fruit GM crops to cope with high salinity or aluminium sequestered phosphate Wheat/maize resistant to drought Cereals - fix N and need less fertiliser
Deontological concerns for GM 4	Unnatural W. countries want to keep advantage over developing countries Justice issues - 3rd world farmers, patenting, not wanting to switch Consumer choice over labelling
Bt toxin Insecticides - Overview 1	Different strains of Bacillus thuringiensis produce toxins which are potent insecticides
GM Scandal - Maize 7	Fed rats glycophosphate resistant maize for 2yrs = cancers and toxicity Similar results when: fed on GM maize alone GM maize and low dose glyphosate Low dose glyphosate alone Author said glyphosate causes endocrine disruption in females Study great skepticism by other scientists
Bt toxin insecticides - advantages 3	Each bt targets a specific insect spp = target prevalent pest (corn-borer) No longer need insecticide spraying Low risk?
Bt toxin insecticides - 3	Overuse can lead to resistance in pests Bt toxins could be modified against this If bt toxin resistance increases in pests it leaves organic farms defenceless
GM Golden Rice Solving what problem 3	Rice contains no beta-carotene Rice staple food for 2/3 world population Kids blind by vitA deficiency
Environmental Issues 3	Gene spread - GM to nonGM or wild relatives - hybridisation betw. oilseed rape (Brassica napus) and weed relatives (Brassica rapa) GM crops and wildlife - adverse effects of GM rapeseed and beet, good effects for GM maize due to herbicide regimes used Emerging resistance - minor concern

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	Criado por katy.lynock mais de 11 anos atrás