9 History-Roosevelt and the New Deal

Questão	Responda
When did Roosevelt take office?	March 1933
What were the "fireside chats"?	Roosevelt regularly spoke on the radio in a simple, friendly way to restore confidence to the American people and to encourage them to write in to him to outline their problems.
What was the significance of the banking crisis?	Destroyed confidence. Many savers were still withdrawing money from the banks that were still open as they were worried about them going bust.
How did Roosevelt try and solve the banking crisis?	He declared a four day bank holiday, closing all the banks and then only allowing well run banks to re-open (5000 banks were given official backing). The Emergency Banking Relief Act gave government control over the banks and saving up to the value of $2,500 were guaranteed protection. This slowly brought confidence back into the banking system.
What was the New Deal and what would it involve?	Involving more government action (an end to Laissez Faire). It involved RELIEF (from poverty), RECOVERY (of the economy) and REFORM (of the responsibilities of the government). Restore the cycle of prosperity
What was the "first one hundred days"?	13 major new laws were passed by congress . They gave Roosevelt emergency powers to deal with the crisis.
What were the Alphabet Agencies?	Government agencies to deal with different parts of the government.
What was the AAA?	AGRICULTURAL ADJUSTMENT ADMINISTRATION. To deal with farm poverty. Paid farmers to grow less food. Help was given to those who couldn't afford mortgages. Tended to help large scale farmers the most. Wheat prices rose and farmers incomes grew.
What was the FERA?	FEDERAL EMERGENCY RELIEF ADMINISTRATION. Deal with unemployment and poverty. $500 mil was given to the hungry and homeless in 1933. It set up soup kitchens, clothing schemes and employment schemes.
What was the CWA?	CIVIL WORKS ADMINISTRATION. Aimed to create as many jobs as possible. Provided temporary jobs for over 4 million people in the winter of 1933-1934.
What was the PWA?	PUBLIC WORKS ADMINISTRATION. Aimed to tackle unemployment problem by funding public work projects (building schools (13,000), hospitals, roads (50,000 miles), dams, bridges). Spent $5 billion 1933-1939. These created many jobs and lasting benefits.
What was the WPA?	WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION. 1935. Similar schemes to those of the PWA. Employed over 2 million Americans per year.
What was the CCC?	CIVILIAN CONSERVATION CORPS. Aimed to give work to young men 6 months temporary work aged 18-25. Often lived in work camps and made reservoirs, cleared forests, and other labouring work. They were given food, shelter and $1 a day. 2 million men worked in these schemes from 1933-1940.
What was the TVA?	TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY. Aimed to solve flooding and erosion problems in South East US states. Trees were planted and forests were improved. 21 dams were built to prevent flooding and power stations provided cheap electricity . This created thousands of jobs. The Tennessee Valley became fertile and living standards rose.
What was the SSA?	SOCIAL SECURITY ACT. 1935. Provided aid for the elderly and unemployed.
What did people think about the Alphabet Agencies?	A "Revolutionary" change and the first time the government had ever taken such an interventionist role.
What was the NRA?	NATIONAL RECOVERY ADMINISTRATION. Aimed to improve working conditions and ban child labour. 557 codes of practice were drawn up to cover different industries. Many firms opposed these changes and in 91935 the Supreme Court declared the NRA ILLEGAL.
What was the HOLC?	HOME OWNERS LOAN CORPORATION. Gave cheap rate loans and mortgages to home buyers. 300,000 loans were given out 1933-1934. This helped stimulate the house building industry.
What were some of the successes of the New Deal?	Created many jobs. Unemployment fell to 6 million in 1936. Millions of US citizens were given vital food, shelter and clothing. Roosevelt did restore confidence to many Americans.
What were some of the failures/weaknesses of the New Deal?	Unemployment shot up in 1937. In 1938 11 million were unemployed. Many jobs created were short term jobs. Black African Americans gained little from the New Deal and farm labourers remained in poverty.
Who were some of the opponents/critics of the New Deal and what did they think?	Businessmen-high taxes and regulations of working conditions. Republicans-Destroying the spirit of self reliance and rugged individualism. Huey Long-new deal didn't go far enough and wanted a huge redistribution of wealth from rich to poor. Charles Coughlin-Too little to help the poor. Supreme Court-Only 3/9 judges supported, they tried to block some of the acts passed by congress.
What impact did WW2 have on the recovery of the American economy?	British demanded goods and materials which stimulated US exports and unemployment began to fall. The "LEND LEASE" with Britain allowed them to pay later, which meant a huge rise in trade with Britain. When the USA joined the war in 1941 unemployment onwards fell to nearly zero as the army grew and industries expanded. WW2 marked the end of the depression.

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