Chapter 11

Questão	Responda
Raymond Cattell's definition of personality	that which permits a prediction of what a person will do in a given situation
R=f (P, S)	this general statement regarding personality a response (r) is a function (f) of the person (p) and the stimuli (s) Cattle was concerned with the power of a construct to predict future events He also believed that the exploration of traits assists us in understanding the structure and function of personality
Surface traits	clusters of overt behavior responses that appear to go together such as integrity, honesty, self-discipline, and thoughtfulness
source traits	are the underlying variables that seem to determine the surface manifestation, in this case, ego strength source traits have a genuine structural influence on personality and thus determine the way we behave
Cattell and factor analysis	his personality theory made its major impact through his methods and techniques od researching and identifying traits- his primary tool was doctor analysis
syntality	Cattell's term for the dimensions that permit us to describe and differentiate among groups and institutions
The Big Five Personality traits	the emergence of five factors the form a potential basic model for delineating the structure of personality: Neuroticisim, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness
Cattell and Allport	Cattell used Allports lists as a basis for his factor analysis of the structure of personality
FFM (Five Factor Model)	each of the BIG FIVE are are broken down into 6 particular facets considered within each trait (p 263) it is an interpretation of the Big Five Factors it sets forth additional, further reaching theoretical claims than does the Big Five
theorists differ...	on the extent to which the Big 5 refers to real traits and the FFM refers to the causal mechanism that exist within the person.
the core components of the personality system	basic tendencies, characteristic adaptations, and the self concept (a characteristic adaptation of such importance that it has been elevated to a core component
basic tendencies are..	biologically based, universal and stable
characteristic adaptations ...	leading to specific behaviors arise out of the interaction of basic tendencies and external influences (which are cultural norms and life events) these can vary throughout the lifespan and across cultures. ex; ones basic tendency for openness is biologically rooted and stable but how one characteristically expresses it can change over time
Big Five traits are linked to intrinsic and extrinsic motivations	intrinsic: associated with meaningfulness of work , autonomy, and responsibility extrinsic: associated with job security benefits, relationships with colleagues
no matter how extreme ones standing on a trait, it might not constitute a disorder unless it is associated with a characteristic problem in living or maladaptation	...
NEO-PI-R	The NEO PI-R is a measure of the five major domains of personality as well as the six facets that define each domain. Taken together, the five domain scales and thirty facet scales of the NEO PI-R facilitate a comprehensive and detailed assessment of normal adult personality.
Cattell and genetic influence on traits	he was very interested in assessing the relative importance of heredity and environment to personality
behavioral genetics	explores the cause of individual differences in human behavior in terms of heredity
genotype	the genetic makeup of the individual
phenotype	the individuals observable appearance and behavior that arise out of the interaction of his or her genotype with the environment
epigenetics	determine when, where, and how genes express themselves. they have been linked with a wide variety of human behaviors and illnesses thus warranting additional studies
heritability	an estimate of the degree to which a trait or characteristic is caused by the genotype rather than by the environment. Behavioral genetics use the statistic of heritability to express the proportion of phenotypic variation that may be due to genetic variation
heritability cont...	a significant degree of heritability does not mean the environment has no role in the shaping of a trait, but it does place some boundaries on the extent of its potential contribution. Heritability statistics help us know to what extent heredity can influence a trait.
Theory of K	proposes that genetic variation in personality is due to environmental occurrences that prompt a balance through variant selection
white matter in the brain	better white matter= more openness and agreeableness poo white matter=linked to neuroticism
BDNF	brain derived neurotic factor. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, also known as BDNF, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the BDNF gene. BDNF is a member of the neurotrophin family of growth factors, which are related to the canonical Nerve Growth Factor. Neurotrophic factors are found in the brain and the periphery. the gene is associated with negative emotionality and impaired memory processes
genes	they are not rigid blueprints that mandate our destiny, their expression-how, where, and when they get turned on and off is affected by changes in the womb, environment, and other factors
evolutionary psychology	a way of thinking about human behavior based on data drawn from biology, anthropology, sociology, cognitive psychology and the neurosciences
three distinct products thought to result from variant trait or the natural selection process	adaptations-passed on by products- additional cautionary reactions that are included in the adaptations noise- the variation in characteristics due to random environmental or genetic events
traits...	if a trait is not adaptive it is eliminated through natural selection. natural selection counteracts disruptive changes and creates situations in which only mutations that positively affect growth in population or at least do not negatively influence growth, will reach allele status and become part of the species genetic makeup
David Buss- evolutionary psychologist	he believes that evolutionary psychology can help us overcome false dichotomies that have often clouded discussion of the nature of psychological mechanisms by placing them I one or the other of two separate classes, such as genetic or environmental, cultural or biological, etc...
two distinct concepts involved in culture	EVOKED CULTURE-comes about in response to the environmental circumstances a given group experiences and arises from the variance between groups based on the status and needs of the community they live in. TRANSMITTED CULTURE- refers to the values and beliefs that are transferred from one member of a group to others within that group and is passed down for generations and can create new selection pressures for adaptation

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