Natural Hazards Tectonic Hazards

Questão	Responda
Crust	the outer layer of the earth.
Plate	a section of the earth’s crust.
Plate margin	the boundary where two plates meet.
Mantle	the dense, mostly solid layer of the earth between the outer core and the crust.
Convection currents	the circular currents of heat in the mantle.
Destructive plate margin	a plate margin where two plates are moving towards each other resulting in one plate sinking beneath the other.
Constructive plate margin	a plate margin where two plates are moving apart.
Continental plate	a tectonic plate made of low density continental rock that will not sink under another plate.
Oceanic plate	a tectonic plate made of dense iron- rich rock that forms the ocean floor.
Subduction	when oceanic crust sinks under continental crust at a destructive margin.
Collision	when two plates of continental crust meet ‘head on’ and buckle.
Volcano	an opening in the earth’s crust through which molten lava, ash and gases are ejected.
Conservative plate margin	a plate margin where two plates are sliding alongside each other.
Earthquake	a sudden and often violent shift in the rocks forming the earth’s crust, which is felt at the surface.
Fold mountains	large mountain ranges where rock layers have been crumpled as they have been forced together.
Ocean trenches	deep sections of the ocean, usually where an oceanic plate is sinking below a continental plate.
Composite volcano	a steep-sided volcano that is made up of a variety of materials, such as lava and ash.
Shield volcano	a broad volcano that is mostly made up of lava.
Subsistence	farming to provide food and other resources for the farmer’s own family.
Terraces	steps cut into hillsides to create areas of flat land.
Irrigation	artificial watering of the land.
Hydroelectric power	the use of flowing water to turn turbines to generate electricity.
Natural hazard	an event over which people have little control, which threatens people’s lives and possessions. This is different from a natural event as volcanoes can erupt without being a hazard.
Primary effects	the immediate effects of the eruption, caused directly by it.
Secondary effects	the after- effects that occur as an indirect effect of the eruption on a longer timescale.
Aid	money, food, training and technology given by richer countries to poorer ones, either to help with an emergency or for long-term development.
Immediate responses	how people react during a disaster and straight afterwards.
Long-term responses	later reactions that happen in the weeks, months and years after the event.
Supervolcano	a mega colossal volcano that erupts at least 1,000 km3 of material.
Caldera	the depression of the supervolcano marking the collapsed magma chamber.
Geothermal	water that is heated beneath the ground, which comes to the surface in a variety of ways.
Geyser	a geothermal feature in which water erupts into the air under pressure.
Hot spot	a section of the earth’s crust where plumes of magma rise, weakening the crust. These are away from plate boundaries.
Focus	the point in the earth’s crust where the earthquake begins.
Richter scale	a scale ranging from 0 to 10 used for measuring earthquakes, based on scientific recordings of the amount of movement.
Epicentre	the point at the earth’s surface directly above the focus.
Shock waves	seismic waves generated by an earthquake that pass through the earth’s crust.
Mercalli scale	a means of measuring earthquakes by describing and comparing the damage done, on a scale of I to XII.
The three Ps:	the collective term for prediction, protection and preparation.
Prediction	attempts to forecast an event – where and when it will happen – based on current knowledge.
Protection	constructing buildings so that they are safe to live in and will not collapse.
Preparation	organising activities and drills so that people know what to do if an earthquake happens.
Tsunami	a special type of wave where an event, often an earthquake, moves the entire depth of the water above it.

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Natural Hazards Tectonic Hazards

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	Criado por John Ditchburn mais de 10 anos atrás