Procedures of translating culture-specific concepts (CSCs)
Making up a new word.
Explaining the meaning of the SL
expression in lieu of translating it.
Preserving the SL term
intact.
Opting for a word in the TL which
seems similar to or has the same
"relevance" as the SL term.
Transference: it is the process of transferring an SL
word to a TL text. It includes transliteration
Naturalization: it adapts the SL word first to the
normal pronunciation, then to the normal
morphology of the TL.
Cultural equivalent: it means replacing a cultural
word in the SL with a TL one.
Functional equivalent: it
requires the use of a
culture-neutral word
Definiition:
Analysis of the source and
target languages
Study of the source
language before
making attempts
traslate it.
Making
judgements of
the semantics
and syntactic
aproximations
Descriptive equivalent: in this
procedure the meaning of the CBT
(culture-bound terms
which refer to concepts, institutions
and personnel which are specific to
the SL culture ) is explained in several
words.
Componential analysis: compares an SL
word with a TL word which has a similar
meaning but is not an obvious
one-to-one equivalent, by demonstrating
first their common and then their
differing sense components."
Synonymy: it is a "near TL equivalent.
Through-translation: it is the literal
translation of common collocations,
names of organizations and components
of compounds. It can also be called:
calque or loan translation.
Shifts or transpositions: it involves a change in
the grammar from SL to TL, for instance,
change from singular to plural, the change
required when a specific SL structure does not
exist in the TL, change of an SL verb to a TL
word, change of an SL noun group to a TL
noun and so forth.
Modulation: it occurs when the
translator reproduces the
message of the original text in
the TL text in conformity with the
current norms of the TL, since the
SL and the TL may appear
dissimilar in terms of perspective.
Recognized translation: it
occurs when the translator
normally uses the official or
the generally accepted
translation of any
institutional term.
Compensation: it occurs when
loss of meaning in one part of a
sentence is compensated in
another part.
Paraphrase: in this procedure the
meaning of the CBT is explained.
Here the explanation is much more
detailed than that of descriptive
equivalent.
StrategieS
Krings (1986:18)
"translator's potentially
conscious plans for
solving concrete
translation problems in
the framework of a
concrete translation
task,"
Seguinot (1989)there are three
global strategies employed by
the translators: 1.Translating
without interruption for as
long as possible; 2.Correcting
surface errors immediately;
3.Leaving the monitoring for
qualitative or stylistic errors in
the text to the revision stage.
Loescher (1991:8) "a
potentially conscious
procedure for solving a a
problem faced in
translating a text, or any
segment of it."
Venuti (1998:240)
"involve the basic tasks
of choosing the foreign
text to be translated and
developing a method to
translate it."
Jaaskelainen (1999:71) "a
series of competencies, a
set of steps or processes
that favor the acquisition,
storage, and/or utilization
of information."
There are some
strategies relate to what
happens to texts, while
other strategies relate
to what happens in the
process.
Product-related strategies involves the
basic tasks of choosing the text and
developing a method to translate it.
Process-related strategies are a set of
rules or principles which a translator uses
to reach the goals determined by the
translating situation"
There are two tipes of product related
strategies: global strategies and local
strategies: "global strategies refer to
general principles and modes of action
and local strategies refer to specific
activities in relation to the translator's
problem-solving and decision-making."
Methods
Newmark (1988b) the difference
between translation methods and
translation procedures, while
translation methods relate to
whole texts, translation procedures
are used for sentences and the
smaller units of language.
Word-for-word : translation:
in which the SL word order
is preserved and the words
translated singly by their
most common meanings,
out of context.
Literal translation: in which
the SL grammatical
constructions are converted
to their nearest TL
equivalents, but the lexical
words are again translated
singly, out of context.
Faithful translation: it
attempts to produce the
precise contextual meaning
of the original within the
constraints of the TL
grammatical structures.
Semantic translation: it
must take more account of
the aesthetic value of the
SL text.
Adaptation: which is the
freest form of translation,
and is used mainly for plays
and poetry; the themes,
characters, plots are usually
preserved, the SL culture is
converted to the TL culture
and the text is rewritten.
Free translation: it
produces the TL text
without the style, form, or
content of the original.
Idiomatic translation: it
reproduces the 'message' of
the original but tends to
distort nuances of meaning
by preferring colloquialisms
and idioms where these do
not exist in the original.
Communicative translation: it
attempts to render the exact
contextual meaning of the
original in such a way that both
content and language are
readily acceptable and
comprehensible to the
readership