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11830146
TOPIC 5
Descrição
Biology (TOPIC 5) Mapa Mental sobre TOPIC 5, criado por amy smith em 02-01-2018.
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energy for biological processes
edexcel a-level biology
respiration
photosynthesis
biology
topic 5
Mapa Mental por
amy smith
, atualizado more than 1 year ago
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amy smith
aproximadamente 7 anos atrás
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TOPIC 5
Aerobic respiration
ATP
Energy currency of living cells, as lots of energy is released when hydrolysed
Made by respiration, which is a series of enzyme controlled reactions in which energy is released from organic substances and transferred to ATP
Stages of respiration
Glycolysis: glucose to pyruvate
Link reaction: pyruvate to acetyl coenzyme A
Krebs cycle: ACeA enter cyclical reactions
Oxidative phosporylation: ADP converted to ATP
Glycolysis
Takes place in cytoplasm
Glucose phosphorylated to produce hexose biphosphate, which splits into 2 molecules of glycerate 3-phospate (GP)
Removal of hydrogens = taken by NAD, producing NADH
Each GP is converted to pyruvate
Removed phosphate groups added to ADP to make ATP
Net ATP = (2 used and 4 produced) 2 ATP per glucose
Link reaction and Krebs cycle
Link Reaction
Takes place in matrix of mitochondria
CO2 removed from pyruvate, converting it to a 2C compound
Hydrogen removed by NAD, forming NADH
Immediately combines with coenzyme A to form acetyl coenzyme A
Krebs Cycle
ACA combines with 4C compound to form a 6C compound
Gradually converted back to 4C compound by a series of reactions
CO2 removed, more hydrogen picked up by NAD (form NADH) and FAD (form FADH)
Takes place in mitochondria matrix
Oxidative phosphorylation
Electron transport chain = Hydrogens from NADH and FADH split into protons and electrons, allowing the electrons to pass along a chain of molecules
Electrons lose energy as they move along, which is used to actively transport hydrogen ions from the matrix to the inner membrane space
Creates a high conc. of H+ ions
Hydrogen ions then diffuse back into matrix, passing through ATP synthase enzymes
Movement of ions provides enough energy to cause ADP and inorganic phosphate to bind, forming ATP
At end of chain, electrons and protons rejoin, combining with oxygen to from water
Chemiosmosis = active transport and subsequent reactions
Anaerobic respiration
No oxygen = no oxidative phosphorylation = no reoxidised NAD = no NAD or FAD in Krebs cycle = process comes to a halt
Glycolysis not affected = if pyruvate is still produced at the end, it can be removed and used to convert NADH back to NAD
Lactate Pathway
NAD regenerated by converting pyruvate into lactate
Lactate travels in blood plasma to liver, where it is converted back to pyruvate
Requires oxygen, so more is needed after exercise = oxygen debt
Pyruvate is either oxidised, or converted to glucose
Animals
Ethanol Pathway
Plants and yeast
Pyruvate converted to ethanol
ATP yield
Anaerobic respiration = small amounts of ATP per glucose, as only glycolysis is completed
Aerobic respiration = between 30 and 32 ATP per glucose,
4 produced directly and 28 from oxidative phosphorylation
Photosynthetic pigments
Photosynthesis = Light energy splits water molecules to release hydrogen, producing ATP and reducing NADP to NADPH
ATP and NADPH used to add hydrogen to CO2, producing glucose
Oxygen from water released as a waste product
Chloroplast pigments
Pigment = substance that absorbs light of specific wavelengths, creating different colours by reflecting the other colours
Chlorophyll = main pigment in chloroplasts
Green, as it reflects green light
Chlorophyll A = most abundant pigment
Chlorophyll B = similar to CA, but not as abundant
Carotenoids and Xanthophylls = other pigments, absorb light that chlorophyll cannot, pass energy onto chlorophyll
Absorption spectra = shows wavelengths absorbed by different pigments
Photosynthesis
Chloroplasts
Organelles surrounded by 2 membranes, found in mesophyll and guard cells
Membrane called lamellae, where LDR take place
Contain chlorophylls, arranged in photosystems
2 types of photosystem, PSI and PSII
Thylakoids = fluid-filled sacs between membranes
Involved in photophosphorylation
Arranged in stacks called grana
Stroma = inside material, site of LIR
Light-Dependent Stage
PSI and PSII absorb light energy, exciting electrons so that they leave the chlorophyll
PSII photolyses water, splitting it and causing the hydrogen to lose an electron, becoming H+
Electrons taken up by PSII chlorophyll, to replace those lost
Oxygen atoms combine and leave plant
Electrons from PSII picked up by carriers in the thylakoids
Move along in similar fashion to ETC in OP
Energy lost used to convert ADP into ATP through PP
At end of the chain, electrons are picked up by PSI, replacing electrons lost
Electrons from PSII passed down a NADP chain
NAPD also collects H+ from water, becoming NADPH
NADPH and ATP both used in LIR
Light-Independent Stage
Stroma = the enzyme ribulose biophosphate carboxylase (RUBISCO) is found
CO2 enters stroma, using the active site of RUBISCO to bind with ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP), a 5C compound, which froms GP
Carbon fixation
ATP and hydrogen used to convert GP into triose phosphate (GALP)
Most GALP used to make RuBP for more carbon fixation, while the rest is used to make glucose
Calvin Cycle = a cyclical series of reactions
Limiting factors
Light intensity = affects rate of LDR
Temperature = affects rate of LIR
High temp = more kinetic energy = more collisions
Carbon dioxide conc. in atm = necessary reactant
If any of the conditions get too low, photosynthesis rate will reduce, but the factor with the greatest effect is the 'limiting factor'
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