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1250026
Geography of Mortality
Descrição
Mapa Mental sobre Geography of Mortality, criado por joy peh em 07-09-2014.
Mapa Mental por
joy peh
, atualizado more than 1 year ago
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Criado por
joy peh
aproximadamente 10 anos atrás
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Resumo de Recurso
Geography of Mortality
key mortality indicators
Crude death rate
Number of deaths per 1000 population in a given year
limitations
measure distorted by age structure variations
Australia and Bolivia have similar crude death rates ~7 but for different reasons
AUS lowest 40 IMR (4.43) vs Bolivia 57th highest IMR (38.61)
various other factors e.g. natural disaster
variations
by country
Highest: South Africa (17.49), Ukraine (15.72), Lesotho (14.91)
Southern Africa region: HIV epidemic
Ukraine: weak healthcare system
non-communicable diseases account for 82% of deaths
a third of Ukrainians die prematurely before 65
Lowest: Kuwait (2.16), UAE (1.99), Qatar (1.53)
Qatar
world's richest country
best and widely recognized healthcare systems in the world
by region
Largest drop in Africa: 15/1000 to 11/1000 in 2013
Important to note variations within region
Algeria: 4.3/1000
one of the best healthcare systems in Africa
nationwide electronic healthcare project
simplifies administrative procedures and eliminates paperwork
0.1% of sexually active population with AIDS/HIV
Swaziland (14/1000)
highest HIV prevalence: 26% among sexually active population
reforms in health sector has majorly improved the health status of ppn
90% Antiretroviral (ART) coverage
IMR reduced from 100 to 79 per 1000 live births (2008-14)
Maternal mortality rate reduced
severe tuberculosis infection
TB/HIV co-infection rate 80%
1380 per 100,000 annually
access to clean water and sanitation
only 37% of rural population has access to safe water
access to healthcare
(2009) 0.17 physician density
life expectancy fell from 63 (1990) to 49
advantages
indicates level of healthcare provision, water quality, sanitation and living conditions
standardised death rate
indicates the CDR if population had same age and sex composition
useful for comparative studies
Age-specific mortality rates
Infant Mortality Ratio
no. of infants who die within the first year of age per 1000 live births
reflects level of healthcare provision, sanitation, water quality, nutrition and living conditions
declining trend with improved medical and health services and better nutrition
Bolivia's IMR( 38.61)>halved since 1990s
highest: Afghanistan (117), Mali (104), Somalia (100), Niger (86)
Afghanistan
common causes: infections, diarrhoea, and dehydration
most births done at home
education: 12.6% female literacy rate - lack of midwives
lack of skilled medical personnel
0.19 physicians/1000
lowest: Monaco (1.8), Japan (2.1), Singapore (2.53)
Singapore
(2012) 1st for IMR, 2nd for MMR, 9th for life expectancy
universal health coverage at public hospitals and government polyclinics
Monaco: 7.06 physicians/1000
Child Mortality Ratio
no. of children who die before age 5 per 1000
Maternal Mortality Ratio
annual no. of pregnancy-related deaths of women per 100,000 live births
highest in South Sudan (>2,000)
early marriage
most women in rural areas give birth at home due to lack of knowledge or accessibility to proper health facilities
only one midwife per 125, 000 women
brain drain of skilled midwives
Life Expectancy at Birth
average number of years a person is expected to live in his lifetime
difficult to calculate as it is normally derived from national life tables
Highest: Monaco (89), Japan (84), Singapore(84), San Marino (83)
Lowest: Chad (49), South Africa (49), Swaziland (50)
Factors affecting Mortality
Demographics
mortality higher for infant/child and old population
gender
women higher life expectancy
82.8 vs 79 for men
narrowing gap
men higher risk of heart attack than women
ageing population higher risk of death from cardiovascular disease
Medical Technology
access to healthcare
physician density Niger: 0.02, Monaco 7.06
Niger: 29% of births attended by skilled health personnel vs Czech Republic 100%
Anotações:
Czech republic IMR 2.63 lowest 10 in the world Niger top 10 IMR (86)
changes in health education
improvements in medicine and treatment
breakthroughs in cancer treatment
cell research - how to block movement of cancer cells
Singapore A*STAR scientists discovered early detection methods and personalized treatment for ovarian cancer
discovery of drugs made from tree bark by the Cancer Research Campaign (CRC)
Public Health Measures
Water andSanitation
eliminate conditions favourable to the spread of diseases
e.g. cholera and typhoid most easily controlled by purification of water ss
Chad: only 6% of rural population and 31% of urban population use improved sanitation
dysentery can be controlled with proper food hygiene
unclean water and poor sanitation are the world's second biggest killer of children
immunisation
mid-1990 vaccines to provide 'basic' coverage for TB, polio, tetanus, pertussis, and measles averted 2 million deaths in 2002
e.g. DTP-3 coverage
e.g. significant progress of MEASLES coverage
reduced measles mortality in Africa by 60% between 1999-2004
polio cases decreased by 99% since 1988
infant immunisation vital for improving infant and child survival
African region lagging behind global immunisation coverage
e.g. DTP-3 coverage
coverage in Africa increased from 54% in 2000 to 74% in 2011
e.g. DTP-3 coverage
Smallpox
endemic in Africa and Asia in 1960s
Immunisation campaign by WHO eradicated smallpox by 1980
deadly disease that threatened 60% of the world's population and killed every fourth victim
Hepatitis B vaccine
1982
79% of infants in WHO's member states receive vaccination
Socio-economic Changes
inverse r/s between socio-economic status and mortality
High death rates and low life expectancies improving
overall life expectancy in Africa increased from 51 (1990) to 59 (2013)
reversed trend for countries affected with AIDS
Anotações:
Zimbabwe, Swaziland, Lesotho, South Africa, Botswana
Rising living standards
healthcare
(environmental)sanitation and hygiene
nutrition
resistance to disease
influenza
pneumonia
diarrhoea
TB
education
knowledge about health and medical care
changing pattern of diseases characteristic of modernisation
Pollution
Political
Ethnic cleansing
Darfur in Sudan: 300,000 deaths
civil war
Sudan: 2mil deaths since 1983
congo war: 3.3 million deaths between 1998-2002
life expectancy ~56
genocide
Rwanda genocide 1994: 800 000 Tutsi minorities killed
6 million killed in Nazi Holocaust
Epidemics and Pandemics (morbidity)
Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland
severe AIDS/HIV epidemic
Romania: free ART treatment
polio-endemic: Nigeria, Afghanistan
affects children under 5
Nigeria 124/1000 under-5 mortality ratio
changing pattern of diseases characteristic of modernisation
worldwide obesity has doubled since 1980
Anotações:
increased intake of energy-dense foods high in fat; increasingly sedentary nature of work, with advancements in xportation and urbanisation
leads to cardiovascular diseases, musculoskeletal disorders and cancer
DCs and low-and-middle income countries
vulnerable to inadequate nutrition low in cost but lower in nutritional quality
chronic non-communicable diseases
2014 ebola outbreak
death toll >2000
Sierra Leone, Liberia and Guinea
environmental
droughts
10,000 killed from heatwave in France in 2003
floods
natural disasters
Indian Ocean tsunami caused >200k deaths
pollution
smog in China reduces average LE by 5.5 years
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