ATP and Respiration

ATP and Respiration

Anaerobic
1. Animals and Prokaryotes
  1. In the cytoplasm, one glucose is phosphorylated into glucose diphosphate using 2 ATP
  2. The glucose diphosphate splits into two molecules of triose phosphate
  3. The two triose phosphate molecules are dehydrogenated by dehydrogenase, oxidising them into two pyruvate
  4. Also, two NAD+ are reduced into NADH and four ATP are formed by substrate-level phosphorylation
  5. The two pyruvate accept the hydrogen from the NADH, converting it into NAD+, this froms two lactate
2. Plants and Fungi
  1. In the cytoplasm, one glucose is phosphorylated into glucose diphosphate using 2 ATP
  2. The glucose diphosphate splits into two molecules of triose phosphate
  3. The two triose phosphate molecules are dehydrogenated by dehydrogenase, oxidising them into two pyruvate
  4. Also, two NAD+ are reduced into NADH and four ATP are formed by substrate-level phosphorylation
  5. The two pyruvate is decarboxylated, releasing carbon dioxide, forming two ethanal
  6. The two ethanal accept the hydrogen from the NADH, converting it into NAD+, this froms two ethanol
Aerobic Respiration
1. Glycolysis
  1. In the cytoplasm, one glucose is phosphorylated into glucose diphosphate using 2 ATP
  2. The glucose diphosphate splits into two molecules of triose phosphate
  3. The two triose phosphate molecules are dehydrogenated by dehydrogenase, oxidising them into two pyruvate
  4. Also, two NAD+ are reduced into NADH and four ATP are formed by substrate-level phosphorylation
2. Link Reaction
  1. Pyruvate diffuses from the cytoplasm into the mitochondrial matrix
  2. The pyruvate is dehydrogenated with dehydrogenase and the hydrogen is accepted by NAD+ to from NADH
  3. The pyruvate is decarboxylated at the same time by decarboxylase to form carbon dioxide
  4. When the pyruvate is dehydrogenated and decarboxylated it forms acetate
  5. The acetate combine with coenzyme A to form acetyl coenzyme A
3. Kreb's Cycle
  1. Acetyl coenzyme A enter the Kreb's cycle by combing with a 4-carbon acid, forming a 6-carbon acid and the coenzyme A is regenerated
  2. The 6-carbon acid is dehydrogenated, making NADH and is decarboxylated to make carbon dioxide, forming a 5-carbon acid
  3. The 5-carbon acid is dehydrogenated, making NADH and FADH and is decarboxylated to make carbon dioxide and to regenerate the 4-carbon acid
  4. The 4-carbon acid can combine with more acetyl coenzyme A and repeat the cycle
  5. Each cycle of the Kreb's cycle produces one ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation, three molecules of NADH, one molecule of FADH and two molecules of carbon dioxide
Adenosine Triphosphate
1. What is ATP
  1. ATP is the universal energy currency, meaning it is used in all cells to drive their reactions
  2. ATP is made up of three phosphate molecules, one adenine molecule and one ribose molecule
  3. ATP is inert, can pass out of mitochondria into the cytoplasm, releases energy efficiently, releases energy in useable quantities, is easily hydrolysed and is readily reformed by phosphorylation
2. Proton Gradients
  1. Photosynthesis
    1. Electrons are excited by energy from light, these electrons move through a series of carriers in the thylakoid membranes
    2. Their energy pumps protons from the stroma into the spaces between the thylakoid membranes
    3. The energy is released in chemiosmosis, in which protons flow back down an electrochemical gradient into the stroma, through ATP synthetase
    4. The energy is incorporated into ATP, this ATP drives the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis and energy is incorporated into the macromolecules made by the cell
  2. Respiration
    1. Electrons are excited by energy derived from food molecules, their energy is made available as they move through a series of carriers on the inner mitochondrial membrane
    2. The energy pumps protons across the membrane, from the matrix into the inter-membrane space, setting up a proton gadient
    3. Energy is released in chemiosmosis, as the protons flow back into the matrix through ATP synthetase, and is incorporated into ATP
3. The Electron Transport Chain
  1. Respiration
    1. Hydrogen atoms derived from the respiratory breakdown of glucose are transferred by dehydrogenase enzymes to coenzymes NAD and FAD and carried to the inner membrane of the mitochondrian
    2. The electrons and protons of the hydrogen atoms have different pathways but because they both move through the electron transport chain.
    3. For every two protons delivered by NADH, enough energy is released to synthesise three molecules of ATP
    4. When FADH delivers two protons, enough energy is released for only two molecules of ATP
  2. Photosynthesis
    1. Groups of pigments and proteins, called photosystems, transfer excited electrons to electron acceptors and, from there, to a series of proton carriers, all on the thylakoid membranes
    2. Protons from the water and the electrons are transferred to the coenzymes NADP and subsequently, to glycerate phosphate, in the pathway that synthesises carbohydrates
    3. The energy that powers the proton pump and electron transport chain in the chloroplast comes from light, so chloroplasts synthesise ATP by photophosphorylation

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	Criado por Jack Bennett quase 6 anos atrás