Transport in animals

the circulatory system
1. multicellular organisms need transport systems
  1. relatively large = low surface area to volume ratio
    1. diffusion isn't efficient enough
  2. very active
    1. large no. cells respiring quickly = need a constant, rapid supply of glucose and oxygen
      1. Diffusion isn't efficient enough
        cannot supply cells in centre fast enough using diffusion
2. systems
  1. single circulatory system
    1. FISH
      1. gills
        heart
        rest of body
        gills
    2. only pass through heart once
  2. double circulatory system
    1. pass through heart twice
    2. MAMMELS
      1. heart
        lungs
        heart
        PULMONARY LOOP
        body
        SYSTEMIC SYSTEM
  3. open circulatory system
    1. blood isn't always enclosed in blood vessels
    2. flows freely through the body cavity
    3. INSECTS
      1. HEART
        main artery
        body cavity
        blood flows around insects organs
        heart
  4. closed circulatory system
    1. blood enclosed inside blood vessels
    2. FISH
      1. arteries
        capillaries
        veins
        heart
        substances - glucose and oxygen- diffuse
        body cells
heart basics
1. structure
  1. septum
    1. separates ventricles
    2. oxygenated and deoxygenated blood separated
  2. valves
    1. tendinous cords
      1. attach valves to walls
      2. prevent valves from turning inside out
    2. AV valve
      1. fill up, then pour into ventricles when it contracts
      2. atrial contraction - valves open
        bp in atria higher than bp in ventricles
      3. ventricular contraction - valves clolse
        bp in ventricles higher than bp in atria
    3. SL valve
      1. base of major arteries
      2. prevents backflow as ventricles relax
    4. fill w/blood then shut
  3. atria
    1. ventricles
      1. thinner muscle
        only transfer blood to ventricles
  4. ventricles
    1. right
      1. lungs
        thinner wall than left
        high pressure could easily burst the capillaries
    2. left
      1. wall x2-3 thicker than right
        higher blood pressure to overcome the resistance of systemic circulation
electrical activity of the heart
blood vessels
1. tissue fluid
  1. formed from blood
  2. forms lymph
  3. surrounds cells in tissue
2. capillaries
  1. single cell wall
    1. decreased diffusion gradient
3. veins
4. arteries
  1. coronary arteries
    1. lie over surface of heart
      1. carry oxygenated to heart
      2. constricted
        reduced blood flow to heart
        reduce oxygen to heart
        angina/ heart attack
5. lymph vessels
haemoglobin
1. structure
  1. 4 polypeptide chains
    1. haem group
      1. iron
2. the bohr shift
  1. actively respiring tissue = need more oxygen
  2. move curve to RIGHT
  3. decreased affinity for oxygen
3. fetal haemogolobin
  1. placenta = lower ppO2
    1. must be able to saturate its haemoglobin w/ oxygen
    2. must have higher affinity for oxygen
  2. move curve to LEFT

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Transport in animals

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	Criado por Gurdev Manchanda quase 10 anos atrás