In 2011, the main factors for
people migrating to the UK were
Formal education
Work related reasons
Joining their families
Patterns
Until the 1930's and during
the 60s, and 70s, there was
a decrease in net migration
During the 30s until
around 1945 there
was an increase in
net migration
This was caused by WWII, as
people would migrate to England
to avoid Nazis prosecution
Since 1980, we have
had a increase in net
migration
The trend of migration in 2011 was:
15% british
citizens returning
home
1/3 were EU citizens
1/3 were citizens of
the new common
wealth
6% were citizens of old
common wealth
countries
In 2011 the main reason for
emigrating was EU citizens returning
to their orgin country
The decline in Death rate, Infant
Mortality rate and Increase in Life
expectancy
In 1902, the death rate was 18 per 1000
The death rate in 2010 was 9 per 1000
Improved hygiene, sanitation and medicine
Construction of the sewer system
Advances in science and medicine
Majority of death are caused by non-infectious
diseases, such as Cancer
People better educated about
the importance of hygiene
Health education
More awareness on what to look out for
People get themselves to a
GP when something seems
wrong, so diseases can be
found, and treated earlier
Improved education
on health
Most people
now know
basic first aid,
and can deal
with a
emergency
Better Welfare, and Healthcare
Welfare system introduced in 1948
NHS
Free
Lead to safer, childbirths
Decrease in infant mortality
Decrease in mothers dieing
during childbirth
Higher standards of living
Mckeown (1976)
Suggested that improvements in
standards of living, and environment
has lead to an increased life
expectancy
Standards of living have
improved
Better wages
Better food
Running hot water
Better knowledge of body
Better food technology
Improved working conditions
Technology has taken over the most
dangerous jobs
Acts put in place to
protect the rights of
workers
Factory
machinery is
better and
safer
Work is less
physically
demanding
More leisure time
Ageing Population
The average age of the populationn is getting higher
Larger proportion over the retirement age
Increase dependency ratio
Can lead to higher taxes on the
economically active
Higher levels of government spending
Health and social services
Residential and nursing home
increases
Welfare benefits
42% of government spending
goes to the elderly
Elderly relatives can help with childcare,
putting less of a strain on the childcare
system
Younger people find it harder to find
homes, as the elderly live in them for longer
Families may have to care for their elder
relatives, if their pension scheme runs dry
Their may be
overcrowding/emotional strain if an
elderly moves in with his/her children
There could be a return of the Classic Extended
family, or an increase of Singletons
Decline in Birth rate, Fertilaty rate, and average family size
The UK's Birth rate in 2010 was 1.98
Similar to the high birth rates in Europe (France,
Scandinavia, Ireland, Belgium)
Higher then that of China or Brazil
Lower than the USA, South Africa, India
Improved Contrception
Made it easier
for couples to
wait longer,
before having
children
Older couples have less children
Lead to improved
family planning
Compulsory education
Children are no longer and economic asset
Children have become an economic liability
Parents nowadays support children into University, and
therefore into their 20s
Declining Infant Mortality rate
means that it is safer to have
less children
Changing role of women
Women now have different priorities
No longer want to spend
time on child bearing/raising
McRobbies (2008) argues that the common
aspiration of motherhood has been replaced with
the desire for qualifications
Many women in paid employment
have to combine this with childcare,
and will therefore limit the amount
of children they have, or put them
off until their career is established
Changing Values
Having
children is now
linked with a
loos in lesiure
time
Having children is linked
with a loss of freedom
It is a lot more expensive to have
children, compared with the past