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20709852
Unit 2: Chemistry GCSE AQA
Descrição
Overview of topic 2 on paper 1 GCSE AQA Chemistry
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gcse
aqa gcse
chemistry
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chemistry
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Whitney Lee
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Unit 2: Chemistry GCSE AQA
Ionic bonding
Particles are oppositely charged ions, which are held by electrostatic attraction
A giant lattice of ions
Ionic bonding is the transferring of electrons in the highest occupied energy levels/shells
Occurs in metal and non metal compounds
Metal atoms lose elctrons to become positively charged ions
Non-metals gain electrons to become negatively charged ions
Covalent bonding
When atoms share pairs of electrons they form covalent bonds
Occurs in non-metal compounds
Polymers are large molecules of covalent bonds
Simple molecules
Strong covalent bonds
Weak intermolecular forces
Low melting points
Low boiling points
Liquid/gas at room temperature
Can't conduct electricity
No free moving electrons
No overall electric charge
Macromolecules/giant covalent
Strong covalent bonds
High melting points
High boiling points
Cannot conduct electricity except graphite
Graphite has delocalised electrons - atoms form 3 bonds
Their layers are slippery, making graphite a useful lubricant
Made out of carbon
Metallic bonding
A lattice of metal atoms with delocalised electrons
Metals are good conductors of electricity
This is because their delocalised electrons carry charge
Strong metallic bonds
Also thermal energy conductors; electrons transfer energy
Alloys
A mixture of two or more elements, with at least one metal element
Various atom sizes
This distorts the layers meaning a greater force is needed to slide these layers over each other
Harder and stronger than a pure metal
Diagram pros & cons
3D diagrams
Shows how the ions are arranged
Doesn't give details on how the ions were formed
2D diagrams
Gives a limited view of how the ions are arranged in a crystal
Lacks detail on how the ions were formed in making the ionic bond
Dot & Cross diagrams
Provides the electronic structure of the ions in a crystal lattice of the ionic compound
Cannot show how the ions are arranged
Propertes of matter
Solids
Particles are in a tight, fixed, regular pattern
Low energy
Vibrate
Liquids
Flow, take the shape of their container
Randomly arranged
Greater energy than a solid
Particles move around each other
Gases
Far apart
Particles move quickly in all directions
Can be compressed
High energy
Graphenes, Fullerenes & Nanotubes
Graphenes are single layers of graphite
Strong covalent bonds
High melting point
Delocalised electrons
Fullerenes are molecules of carbon with hollow shapes
Buckminsterfullerene
60 carbon atoms
Low melting point
Strong covalent bonds
Weak intermolecular forces
Nanotubes
High tensile strength
Nanoparticles
1nm to 100nm in size
Could be dangerous inside the body
Could bind to toxic substances
Large surface area : volume ratio
Nanoparticulate substances can act as catalysts
Medical treatments, sunscreen, cosmetics
Invisible on skin
Often clump together, difficult to apply
Anexos de mídia
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Nacl 3d Lattice (binary/octet-stream)
Ammonia 2d Dot Cross (binary/octet-stream)
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Large (binary/octet-stream)
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278626580 (binary/octet-stream)
Graphenewow3 (binary/octet-stream)
Th+(1) (binary/octet-stream)
Th+(2) (binary/octet-stream)
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