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B3 Summary
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b3 module
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revision
biology
science
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jjjessonyett
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B3 Summary
Cell division and Growth
Meiosis = Gametes
Haploid
Each cell is genetically different
Mitosis = New cells for growth
Genetically identical
Diploid
Multicelluar
Grow larger
More complex
Use cell differentiation
Undifferentiated cells (Stem Cells) can develop into different cells, tissues and organs
Growth can be measured in; Height, Dry Mass and Wet Mass
Dry mass is best
Plants and animals grow differently
Respiration and the Circulation
Aerobic respiration uses oxygen
Glucose + Oxygen > Carbon Dioxide + Water (+ ATP)
C6 + H12 + 6O2 > 6CO2 + 6H2O +ATP
Anaerobic respiration takes place during hard exercise when there is insufficient oxygen available
Glucose > Latic Acid + ATP
Latic acid builds up in muscles causing pain and fatigue
acts as oxygen debt and has to be broken down in the liver after exercise
Red blood cells carry oxygen around the body
Mammals have a double circulatory system
Arteries carry blood away from the heart
Veins carry blood back to the heart
Capilaries link arteries to veins
Changing Genes and Cloning
Nuclear transfer (Dolly the Sheep ) involves placing the nucleus of a body cell into an egg cell
New Cloning Technology
Produce a certain number of benefits
Involve certain risks
Raise ethical issues
Plants can be cloned by tissue culture or cuttings
Cloning plants is easier than animals because plant cells retain the ability to differentiate
Selective breeding may reduce the gene pool leading to inbreeding
Genetic engineering is useful but raises ethical issues
Gene therapy involved changing a persons genes to cure disorders
DNA, Proteins and Mutations
Chromosome > Gene > Base
Proteins are coded for by DNA
The base sequence codes for the order of amino acids
Each amino acid is coded for by 3 bases
Enzymes are specific and work by a "lock and key" mechanism
Protein synthesis occurs on ribosomes in the cytoplasm
The code needed to produce a protein is carried from DNA to ribosomes by a molecule call mRNA
Enzyme activity is affect by pH and Temperature
Lower collision rates at lower temperatures
Denaturing at extremes of pH and high temps
Proteins are long chains of amino acids
Can be structural (Collagen), hormones (insulin), enzymes or carrier molecules (mRNA)
Mutations lead to production of different proteins
Change in bases in DNA can change the amino acid sequence
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