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2592853
Natural Gas
Descrição
Natural gas
Sem etiquetas
assessment
course work
case study
Mapa Mental por
Jacky Kim
, atualizado more than 1 year ago
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Criado por
Jacky Kim
aproximadamente 9 anos atrás
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Resumo de Recurso
Natural Gas
General Info
Deal with NG Associated with Oil
flaring
injected into reservoir to maintain pressure
First found 19th century associated with oil production
Composition
Sat, Aliphatic hydrocarbons
straight chain
greatest proportion methane > 50%
Melting point – 182.5 °C
Boiling point – 161.6 °C
ΔHc° = - 882.0 kJ/mol
Colourless
Alkanes with up to C6
branched alkanes
Unwanted
Gases CO2/H2S/N2/Hg
H2O+Salt
Mercaptans CH3SH
detect leaks to distinct smell
Type
Wet < 85% C1
Dry almost C1 Natural or purified
Liquid Natural Gas for easy Transportation
Reduce V to 600 fold @ -162 oC
Aluminium container and Hg Below level of detection and No water
Used for
Domestic – Heating and Cooking
Commercial – Heating, transport fuel, etc.
Electric Generation
Industrial
Critical Industrial Reactions
Steam Reforming
CH4 + H2O ==>CO + 3H2 – syn gas
Highly endothermic 900 °C @at high pressure
Tubes are heated in a furnace
Water – gas shift
thermodynamically favoured by low temperatures
CO + H2O ==>CO2 + H2
ُُEquilibrium reaction
Industrially
High Temperature Shift
iron oxide catalyst
Low Temperature Shift
CuO/ZnO/Al2O3
Fischer – Tropsch
2n H2 + CO ==> -(CH2)n- + H2O
Steam Reformation products enter the reactor
catalyst Iron or Cobalt
Products
Olefins / Alkenes
Paraffins / Alkanes
Oxygenates
Aromatics
Methanol synthesis
Ammonia synthesis
N2 + 3H2 ==>2NH3
Fe catalyst
reaction is exothermic
favoured by low temperatures
high pressures
A substance that promotes the rate of reaction by providing an alternative reaction pathway, and is regenearated at the end
Homogeneous Catalysts
Same as the reactants gas or liquid
Not common/Hard to separate
Examples are use of KOH
Heterogeneous Catalysis
different phase as the reactants solid
Common, as separation is easy
Combustion of Natural Gas produce CO2 and water
Advantages of Burning Natural Gas
Fewer emissions
Reduced sludge from scrubbing SO2
Gas Burn is determined by
CV , measure of heat released when it is burnt. Measured normally in Btu’s
Wobbe Number =(Calorific Value)/√(Specific Gravity)
same wobbe number ==> same amount of heat
SG, much gas will pass through the orifice of a burner in a set time at a given pressure
Burning Velocity Measures the speed at which a flame is propagated in a gas
Burning Gas problem
Light Back
unstable flame
low flame speed gas
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