2726959
Descrição
Mapa Mental por Arron Watson, atualizado more than 1 year ago
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Criado por Arron Watson
mais de 9 anos atrás
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Genetics
- History
- Gregor Mendel - Pea plants 1866
- Johann Friedrich Miescher DNA
- Gregor Mendel - Pea plants 1866
- deoxyribonucleic acid
- nuclein was rich in phosphorus and was acidic
- Nucleases are enzymes that act on nucleic acids
- DNA / RNA
- polymers made up of monomer s callednucleotides
- DNA/RNA polymers made up of monomers called nucleotides
- Five-carbon-ring sugar (deoxyribose or
ribose) Phosphate group Nitrogen base
- Nitrogen Bases Differences
- RNA
- Uracil
- Uracil
- DNA
- Thymine (T for two bonds/ G for three)
- Thymine (T for two bonds/ G for three)
- Both have - Adenine - Cytosine - Guanine
- RNA
- Five-carbon-ring sugar (deoxyribose or
ribose) Phosphate group Nitrogen base
- polymers made up of monomer s callednucleotides
- Nucleases are enzymes that act on nucleic acids
- nuclein was rich in phosphorus and was acidic
- Molecular Genetics
- Gene Expression
- Antibodies bind to specific foreign particles, such as viruses
and bacteria, to help protect the body. Immunoglobulin G
(IgG) Example of expression for protein
- 20 different types of amino acids
- transcription and translation = Gene expression
- Messenger RNA
- Transfer RNA
- Start and stop codons
- AUG (STOP) Methionine
- UUG / GUG (START) Valine / luecine
- AUG (STOP) Methionine
- Start and stop codons
- Messenger RNA
- transcription and translation = Gene expression
- 20 different types of amino acids
- Antibodies bind to specific foreign particles, such as viruses
and bacteria, to help protect the body. Immunoglobulin G
(IgG) Example of expression for protein
- Genetic code
- UGG - Tryptophan
- UGA - Opal
- UGU - Cysteine
- ALL RNA
- UGA - Opal
- DNA code table U replaced by T
- UGG - Tryptophan
- Genetic engingeering
- Dna inserted into host genome (Commonly a phage)
- Phage (Bateriophage) cell that attacks bacteria
- Isolating and copying genetic material
- Molecular cloning
- Molecular cloning
- Phage (Bateriophage) cell that attacks bacteria
- Gene targeting
- Delete and add genes / remove exons
- = Homolougous recombination
- point mutations
- = Homolougous recombination
- Delete and add genes / remove exons
- GM - Mice (oncomouse ) used for many
experiments - Cancer - diabetes
- Gene therapy
- Replacing defective genes in humans ( Germline gene therapy )
- Somatic gene therapy - used for
Parkinsons disease
- Somatic gene therapy - used for
Parkinsons disease
- Replacing defective genes in humans ( Germline gene therapy )
- Cloning of any DNA fragment essentially involves four
steps 1 fragmentation - breaking apart a strand of DNA
2 ligation - gluing together pieces of DNA in a desired sequence
3 transfection - inserting the newly formed pieces of DNA into
4 cells screening/selection - selecting out the cells that were
successfully transfected with the new DNA
- Dna inserted into host genome (Commonly a phage)
- Gene Expression
- The basics
- Genes
- Total genes in an organism = Genome (can be
multiple sites)
- Each gene is located on the
chromosome = a locus (site)
- Each gene is located on the
chromosome = a locus (site)
- 23 pairs = 46 chromsomes = one human
- 22 Automsomes in both
female and male -
- XX in Females (23rd pair differ)
- XY in Males (23rd pair differs)
- More SRY
(sex-determining region Y)
means male offspring
- XX in Females (23rd pair differ)
- 22 Automsomes in both
female and male -
- Mitosis and mieosis
- Total genes in an organism = Genome (can be
multiple sites)
- Genes
- Transcription
- Translation
- Similar to transcription but
no replication of DNA instead = rRNA
- tRNA is used as well
- Location: Nucleus in
transcription - cytoplasm in
translation
- Terminator
- Three top stop
codons cause this
- Three top stop
codons cause this
- Terminator
- Location: Nucleus in
transcription - cytoplasm in
translation
- tRNA is used as well
- Similar to transcription but
no replication of DNA instead = rRNA
- mRNA copies the DNA message
- mRNA (messenger RNA) takes the message to
the nucleus
- The steps; get ready to transcribe, enzymes find
right DNA. DNA is opened up (initiation)
followed by the building of mRNA (elongation)
then the DNA molecules snap shut to release
the mRNA (termination)
- Promoter
- Terminator
- RNA transcript
causes this
- RNA transcript
causes this
- Promoter
- The steps; get ready to transcribe, enzymes find
right DNA. DNA is opened up (initiation)
followed by the building of mRNA (elongation)
then the DNA molecules snap shut to release
the mRNA (termination)
- mRNA (messenger RNA) takes the message to
the nucleus
- Translation
- Technology to manipulate DNA
- PCR ( polymerase chain reaction )
- Amplification from
genomic DNA templates
- Thermocycler (amplification)
- Repeated heating and cooling (denaturation)
- Heating seperates
- Cooling binds
- Cooling binds
- Heating seperates
- Repeated heating and cooling (denaturation)
- Gel electrophoresis
- Agrose gel
- Seperated by weight
- Seperated by weight
- Agrose gel
- Annealing step
(binding process)
- Elongation step (Enzymatic replication / DNA polymerase)
- PCR then acts as a chain reaction and the DNA template is
repeatedly amplified and replicated
- PCR then acts as a chain reaction and the DNA template is
repeatedly amplified and replicated
- Elongation step (Enzymatic replication / DNA polymerase)
- Thermocycler (amplification)
- Amplification from
genomic DNA templates
- Recombination
- Plasmids/phage used
- Plasmids/phage used
- PCR ( polymerase chain reaction )
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