Measuring Sources of
Brand Equity: Capturing
Customer Mind-Set
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
TECHNIQUES
Identify possible brand
associations and sources
of brand equity.
Free Association
subjects are asked what
comes to mind when
they think of the brand
Projective Techniques
Are diagnostic tools to uncover the true
opinions and feelings of consumers
when they are unwilling or otherwise
unable to express themselves on these
matters.
Completion and
Interpretation Tasks
Comparison Tasks
Archetypes
Zaltman Metaphor
Elicitation Technique
Subconscious motives for
their purchasing behavior.
Neural Research Methods
Is the study of how the brain
responds to marketing
stimuli, including brands.
Brand Personality and Values
Is the human characteristics
or traits that consumers can
attribute to a brand.
The Big Five
1. Sincerity (down-to-earth,
honest, wholesome, and
cheerful)
2. Excitement (daring, spirited,
imaginative, and up-to-date)
3. Competence (reliable,
intelligent, and successful)
4. Sophistication (upper
class and charming)
5. Ruggedness
(outdoorsy and tough)
Ethnographic and
Experiential Methods
Ethnographic research origi- nally used
by anthropologists. Ethnographic
research uses “thick description” based
on partici- pant observation.
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH TECHNIQUES
Brand Awareness
Is related to the strength of the brand in memory, as
reflected by consumers’ ability to identify various brand
elements like the brand name, logo, symbol, charac- ter,
packaging, and slogan under different conditions.
Recognition
Brand recognition requires consumers to identify the
brand under a variety of cir- cumstances and can rest
on the identification of any of the brand elements.
Recall
Consumers must retrieve the actual
brand element from memory when
given some related probe or cue.
Corrections for Guessing
Any research measure must
consider the issue of consumers
mak- ing up responses or guessing.
Strategic Implications
Understanding recall when we use different
levels of product category specificity as cues
is important, because it has impli- cations
for how consumers form consideration sets
and make product decisions.
Brand Image
Associations that
consumers hold for it.
Brand Responses
Find out how consumers combine all the more specific,
lower-level considerations about the brand in their minds to
form different types of brand responses and evaluations.
Purchase Intentions
Are most likely to be predictive of actual
purchase when there is correspondence
between the two in the following dimensions:
Action (buying for own
use or to give as a gift)
Target (specific
type of product
and brand)
Context (in what type of
store based on what prices
and other conditions)
Time (within a week, month, or year)
Likelihood to Recommend
According to Reichheld, a customer’s
willingness to recommend results from all
aspects of a customer’s experience.
Brand Relationships
Behavioral Loyalty
Provide information about brand attitudes and usage
for Duracell, including potential gaps with competitors
and the names of other brands that might be in the
consideration set at the time of purchase.
Attitudinal Attachment
Some researchers like
to character- ize it in
terms of brand love
Sense of Community
Although measuring behavioral loyalty and attitudinal
attachment may require a fairly structured set of questions,
both sense of community and active engagement could call for
more varied measures because of their diverse set of issues.
Active Engagement
The extent to which consumers are willing
to invest their own personal resources—
time, energy, money, and so on
Fournier’s Brand
Relationship Research
Susan Fournier argues that brands can and do
serve as viable relationship partners, and she
suggests a reconceptualization of the notion of
brand personality within this framework.
COMPREHENSIVE MODELS OF
CONSUMER-BASED BRAND EQUITY
BrandDynamics
Offers a graphical model to
represent the emotional and
functional strength of
relationship consumers have
with a brand.
Presence
Relevance
Performance
Advantage
Bonding
Relationship to the CBBE Model
The CBBE model synthesizes the concepts
and measures from a leading industry
model and at the same time provides
much additional substance and insight.