Approaches, Methods, Strategies, Techniques

Approaches: For many years, language teachers have tried to search for the best approach to teach a second language. At the moment, there are 3 approaches. The Communicative Approach, Cognitive Approach, and the Grammatical Approach. These are listed in red.
Methods: Under the approaches, there are methods that teachers/educators can use that align with the beliefs of each approach. For example for the Communicative Approach there are many methods that follow the ideas of "communication" which are the SIOP method and the ICB method.
Strategies : On page 183 of the Mastering ESL/EFL Methods, it explains that strategies are a, "collection of philosophically grounded and functionally related techniques that serves as an implementation component of an instructional method.'
Techniques: On page 183 of the Mastering ESL/EFL Methods, it explains that a technique, "constitutes specific actions or action sequences that have been designed to achieve a defined, strategic objective.
Communicative Approach: According to the text Matering ESL/EFL Methods, As the name implies, "the communicative approach focuses on learning language through and for communication.
1. ICB Method: According to the Mastering ESL/EFL Methods text the ICB Method is, "A communicative method that involves the concurrent teaching of academic subject matter and second language acquisition skills."
  1. Anchor Charts/Visuals Strategy: During an ICB lesson, the teacher must use many visuals to help students throughout the lesson.
    1. Technique: Word wall, KWL chart
      1. Application with EB students: For example, a mind map, or any kind of diagram made during the lesson with the help of EB studnets.
2. Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol (SIOP) Method: The Mastering ESL/EFL Methods explains that this method is like "A vehicle for delivering SCAFFOLDED instruction of the existing curriculum so that instruction is more comprehensible for students who are acquiring English."
  1. Collaborative Learning Strategy: The teacher lets students collaborate together during these SIOP lessons.
    1. Turn and Talk Technique
      1. Application with EB students: A technique that the teacher may use to let students collaborate are turn and talks. Students can turn and talk with their partner and discuss what they have learned.
Grammatical Approach: According to the text Matering ESL/EFL Methods, "The underlying philosophy of the approach assumes that learners acquire language most efficiently by memorizing language rules and sentence patterns in a methodical, sequenced curriculum."
1. Grammar Translation Method: The Mastering ESL/EFL Methods text describes this method as, "the teacher first presented language rules to students. Then the students memorized a vocabulary list. Finally, the students applied the language rules and exceptions."
  1. Strategy: Memorization. Educators sometimes ask students to memorize lists
    1. Technique: Memorizing spelling words or vocabulary words and definitions.
      1. Application with EB: Have students memorize picture cards.
2. Audiolingual Method: The Mastering ESL/EFL text explains that, "the audiolingual method presented pattern drills and dialogue designed to develop grammatical structures and vocabulary in a highly sequential manner. Teachers reinforced accurate production and error correction through consistent feedback."
  1. Drills Strategy: Teachers may use the first five minutes of class to do drills. These are usually timed .
    1. Technique: Sometimes teachers also give students worksheets of multiplication facts and give them 1 minute to complete the math facts.
      1. Application with EB Students: Give them worksheets to do and time them for a minute to complete.
3. Direct Method: The Mastering ESL/ EFL Methods text states, "According to this method, teachers would model and students would practice language patterns, with the goal of internalizing grammatical patterns."
  1. Repetition Strategy: Educators sometimes use repetition as a strategy to help students learn their second language.
    1. Technique: A technique that could be use is holding up picture flash cards and having students name the object.
      1. Application with EB students: The teacher will repeat this over and over until the student learns the flashcards. This technique is not that effective.
Cognitive Approach: According to the text Matering ESL/EFL Methods, "the history and evolution of the cognitive approach is integrally connected to that of cognitive psychology and the acceptance of trends in that discipline among educational psychologists."
1. CALLA Method: The Mastering ESL/EFL Methods explains this as, "A method of instruction that is grounded in the cognitive approach and focuses on the explicit instruction of learning strategies and the development of critical thinking as a means of acquiring deep levels of language proficiency."
  1. Metacognitive Strategy: The metacognitive strategies involving literacy development include monitoring comprehension and monitoring production
    1. Reflection Technique
      1. Application with EB students: Students can reflect on what they learned the day before or at the end of class.
PAGE 183 has a great diagram that explains how these 4 categories work with each other.

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