Spoken English

Spoken English

Grice's Maxims
1. Quality
  1. be truthful
2. Quantity
  1. don't say too much or little
3. Relevance
  1. keep to the point
4. Manner
  1. clear? orderly way?
formal and informal
1. hedge terms
2. words & phrases which soften the force of smth is said
3. rhetorical devices
  1. to evoke an emotional response in the audience
    1. hyperbole, personification, metaphor
4. repetitions
  1. to emphasis
    1. scripted
  2. to buy time
    1. unscripted/ spontaneous
5. tag question
  1. turning a declarative sentence into a question
    1. it's a bit expensive isn't it?
6. colluqual idiom
  1. phrases that don't serve any function
    1. As far as I can see, the thing is
tone/register
1. formal
  1. scripted speech
    1. pragmatic
      1. an approach that focus more on contexts and purposes of people talking to each other rather than structures
    2. prosodic features
      1. features to mark out key meanings in a message
        rhythm, pitch, tempo, stress and intonations
    3. paralinguistic features
      1. body language
        to add meaning o the speaker's message beyond spoken words
      2. non-verbal
        laughter
  2. courtesy terms
    1. please, thank you
2. informal
  1. unscripted speech/ spontaneous
    1. fillers
      1. no conversational meaning usually to buy time to think
        um, ah, er
    2. phatic talk
      1. conversational utterances that have no concrete puposes
        to maintain relationship
        small talk
        how are you?/ fine; cold isn't it/freezing
    3. pace/ timing
      1. non-fluency features
        overlaps, interruptions, hesitations, pauses
    4. conversational speech
      1. in- slang or in-jokes, daily convo.
    5. contractions
      1. can't and she'll instead of cannot and she will
    6. unfinished sentences
    7. overlaps
    8. topic shifts
  2. back-channel features
    1. give feedback to show conversation is being followed or understood
      1. I know, yeah, really
dialect
1. distinctive grammar and vocabulary (regional)
idiolect
1. distinctive accent by individual
groups of words
1. lexicon
  1. same field of study
    1. tyre, oil, engine
2. jargon
  1. similar profession or group
    1. medical jargon

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	Criado por graciellaviona aproximadamente 9 anos atrás