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381296
Structure and Bonding 1
Descrição
AQA Additional Science 1.1
Sem etiquetas
gcse
chemistry
gcse
Mapa Mental por
vicky.pratt
, atualizado more than 1 year ago
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Criado por
vicky.pratt
mais de 10 anos atrás
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Resumo de Recurso
Structure and Bonding 1
Chemical Bonding 1.2
2 or more elements react to form a compund
elements join together by sharing electrons or by transfering electrons
forms a stable structure
Example: Noble Gases
when 2 or more non-metal atoms join by sharing electrons they form covalent bonds
when a metal and non-metal element combine they form an ionic bond
the metal atoms lose electrons to form positive ions
the non-metal atom gains electrons so becomes positively charged
oppositly charged ions attract each other in the ionic compound - ionic bonding
Ionic Bonding 1.1
hold oppositely charged ions together in giant structures
very regular as the ions all pack together neatly
strong electrostatic forces attract in all directions
each ion is surrounded with ions of the opposite charge
held firmly in place
chemical formula shows the different numbers of ions
e.g. sodium chloride: NaCl contains equal numbers of ions
the different ions alternate to form a cubic lattice
ratio of ions in the structure depends on the charge of the ions
dot and cross diagrams are used to represent the ions in ionic bonds
only show the electrons in the outermost shell
atoms loose or gain electrons - making them charged
need to complete the outer shell
usually between a metal and non-metal atom
Formulae of ionic componds 1.3
Ionic compounds are neutral
by knowing the charge of each ion we can work out the formula by balancing the charges
the charge of each ion can be worked out from the number of the group
for transition metals the charge of the ion is shown by the roman numeral next to the symbol on the periodic table
some ions are made of more than 1 element so you need to multiply the ions to write equation in brackets
Covalent Bonding 1.4
atoms share electrons to become stable - aren't charged
each shared pair of electrons strongly attracts the atoms forming a covalent bond
usually between 2 non-metal atoms
substances held together by covalent bonds are called molecules
depending how many electrons the atom needs to fill the outer shell decides how many covalent bonds are formed
only acts between the atoms it holds together
many covalent substances consist of small molecules
some atoms can form several bonds - e.g. carbon
these can join together to form giant covalent structures which are often referred to as macromolecules
diamond
graphite
Metals 1.5
atoms in a metallic element are the same size
form giant structures which are arranged in regular patterns
the electrons on the highest energy level delocalise and move freely between atoms
produces a lattice of positive ions in a 'sea' of moving electrons
delocalised electrons strongly attract the positive ions and hold the giant structure together
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