Prefrontal cortex - especially for sustained attention
Neuroimagiing has shown common netwrok of activity
across all tasks - Neuropsychological tests with
multi-component structure (e.g. EF) are unlikely to
identify unique patterns of brain activity that correlate
perfectly with specific 'domains'. (Poor construct validity)
EF Cognitive
Models
Switching/ Inhibition/ Updating
Model
Miyake et al, 2000
Executive System Hypothesis (Hierarchy/ central
executive)
Baddeley,
1990
Regulation
(Behaviour/Emotion)
Switching
Impulse control
Inhibition
Difficult to measure
as a construct
Updating
Goal Directed Behaviour
Establish NEW behaviour
Deficits better understood
by observing behaviour?
Functional assessments.
Introspection
Cognitive
flexibility
Planning
Organising
Problem Solving
Creative thinking
Phineas
Gage
Working
Memory
Baddeley & Hitch, 1974
Cowan, 1995; McElree, 2006
Visual and
Auditory
Attention
Sustained
Attention
Each construct of
attention is defined by
its operation but not
related to any specific
neural substrate
NO known overall neural
construct of attention - not
associated with functional
neuroanatomical substrate
SensoriMotor Network (SMN) only identified area at
present. All others based on lesion data:
Parietal Lobe indicated in disengaging attention
Inattention resulting from right posterior hemisphere lesions
Measures testing the same
construct do not correlate
highly with each other.
Attention
Cognitive
Models
Three Component Model; Alerting,
Orientating Executive Control
Fan & Posner, 2004
Independent system vs integrated
with "information processing"
Two-factor attention (Reflex and
voluntary)
James, 1890
Wasserman &
Wasserman, 2013
Visual and
auditoryl Attention
Shifting
Attention
Top down and
Bottom up
Vigilence
Working
Memory
Memory
H.M.
case
Declarative / Explicit
Semantic
Episodic
Recall
Recognition
Nondeclarative / Implicit
Item-specific (e.g. priming)
Procedural
Memory
Cognitive
Models
Three stage model of declarative memory
McCaugh, 1966
Registration
Short Term
Long Term
Multicomponent Model
State-based models
Working
Memory
Acts as the link between attention
and short term memory in the
pursuit of specific goals
Short term memory indicated in inferior
parietal lobe
Normal learning and retention disrupted in temporal lesions
Hippocampal complex
General Models
Dynamic view of brain
organisation (Novelty vs Heuristic
processing)
Cortical Systems are
multifunctional - don't
support only one
specific cognitive
process.
Static view of brain organisation (e.g.
hemispheric; left = language, right = visual
perception and seven network model)
Cattell- Horn- Carroll (CHC)
model
Carroll, 1993
Four major classes of cognitive functions;
Receptive, memory, thinking, expression.
General Intelligence
(g)
Terman, 1916
No longer seen as 'one
intelligence' - implication of
other independent factors
(e.g. processing speed and
attention).
Combination of domain scores risks losing information
- unreliable indices of injury severity or deteriation.