Keeping healthy B1.1

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• Needed for: Energy and insulation

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• Needed for: Energy release.

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• Needed for: Growth and repair.

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• Needed for: Healthy teeth, bones, hair and nails

1. Vitamin C

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   • Found in: Citrus fruits Needed for: Healthy skin, gums and immune system. Deficiency syndrome: Scurvy- bleeding gums.
2. Vitamin D

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   • Found in: Exposure to sunlight for 20 minutes. Needed for: Healthy bones Deficiency syndrome: Rickets- bent/bow shaped legs.

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• Needed for: Keeping the digestive system working effieciently.

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• Needed for: Healthy blood and bones.

1. Iron

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   • Found in: Meat, Liver, Spinach Needed for: Making red blood cells. Deficiency syndrome: Anaemia, fatigue and pale white complexion. 
2. Calcium

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   • Found in: Dairy products Needed for: Making healthy bones and teeth. Deficiency syndrome: Fragile or brittle bones and teeth.

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• Needed for: Staying hydrated and for chemical reactions in cells.

1. Gender

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   • Males need to take in more energy than females of the same age.  Pregnant women need to take in more energy than a non pregnant woman
2. Age

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   • A teenager will need more energy than elders.
3. Exercise

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   • The amount of exercise affects how much energy you need. If you exercise very little then you do not need much energy. The more exercise you do the more energy you need.
4. Temperature

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   • The temperature of where you live affects how much energy you need. The hotter the temperature, the less energy you need. The colder the temperature, the more energy you need because energy is also used to keep you warm.

1. Gender

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   • Men generally have a higher metabolic rate than women. This is because men often have a higher muscle proportion than women.
2. Exercise

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   • The amount of exercise and activities you do will affect your metabolic rate. Exercise increases your metabolic rate even after you stop exercising.
3. Temperature

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   • If you work somewhere really cold, your metabolic rate will increase to keep you warm.
4. Genetics

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   • Basic metabolic rate may be affected by genetic factors you inherit from your parents.

1. Arthritis
2. Type 2 diabetes
3. High blood sugar levels
4. Heart disease
5. High blood pressure
6. Early death

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• If you take in more energy than you use, the excess is stored as fat. If someone eats a lot more food than they need, overtime they can become overweight or even obese

1. Reduce the amount of energy you take in by eating less food with high energy content.
2. Increase the amount of energy you use by exercising more..
3. Reduce your energy intake and do more exercise.

1. Civil wars
2. Droughts
3. Pests

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• Your liver deals with fat in your diet and makes the different types of cholesterol. Eating a balanced diet can keep the cholesterol levels balanced

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• Cholesterol is inherited from your parents and can affect how the way your liver deals with fat and makes the different types of cholesterol.

1. Ways pathogens enter your body:
   1. Direct contact

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      • Some diseases are spread by direct contact of the skin. Some are spread by STDs.
   2. Contaminated food and drink

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      • Eating raw or under cooked food, or drinking water containing sewage can spread disease
   3. Infected droplets

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      • Tiny droplets full of pathogens expel from your breathing system when you cough, sneeze or talk. Other people breathe in the droplets which contain the pathogens.
   4. Cut in the skin

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      • Pathogens can enter your body through cuts, scratches and needle punctures.

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• Bacteria are single-celled living organisms that are much smaller than animal and plant cells. Some bacteria cause diseases but many are harmless and useful. We use them to make food like yogurt and cheese, treat sewage and make diseases.
• Once bacteria enter your body, they reproduce rapidly by splitting into two and often produce toxins which affect your body. Sometimes they directly damage your body

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• Viruses are much smaller than bacteria. They cause diseases in every type of living organism, from people to bacteria.
• Once viruses enter your body, they reproduce rapidly and they take over the cells in your body as the reproduce, damaging and destroying the cells.

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• Semmelweis noticed that medical students went straight from dissecting a dead body to delivering a baby without washing their hand. Another doctor cut himself while working on a body and died from symptoms which were identical to childbed fever. Semmelweis told his medical students to wash their hand before delivering babies and immediately fewer mother died from the fever.

1. Today in hospitals bacteria such as MRSA which are resisitant to antibiotics are causing a lot of problems. Getting doctors, nurses and visitors to wash their hands is now always done.

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• Our skin covers our body to prevent pathogens reaching the tissues beneath from getting infected

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• When we damage or cut our skin, we bleed. Plasma which is in the blood forms a clot and dries into a scab which seals the cut.

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• Mucus is a sticky liquid. It covers the lining of out lungs and tubes. It traps the pathogen then removes it.

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• Tears contain a enzyme called lysozyme. This enzyme destroys bacteria and also protects the body from infection by constantly flowing, flushing out the eye and preventing entry of these organisims into the body.

1. How do white blood cells protect us from disease?
   1. Ingesting microorganisms

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      • Some white blood cells ingest pathogens which destroys them so they can't make you ill.
   2. Producing antibodies

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      • Some white blood cells make special chemicals called antibodies. These target a paticular pathogen and destroy the. You have a unique antibody for each type of pathogen. Once your white blood cell have produced antibodies against the certain pathogen, it can quickly detect the pathogen and destroy it if it enters the body again.
   3. Producing antitoxins

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      • Some white blood cells produce antitoxins. These cancel out toxins released by pathogens.

1. These over the counter drugs can be found at a chemist's or supermarket.

1. How antibiotics work:
   1. Antibiotics work by damaging the bacterial cells without harming your own cells.

1. Antibiotics kill bacteria that has made you ill. But some bacteria have a natural mutation and don't get affected by the antibiotics. The resistant bacteria reproduce so the population increases.
   1. This makes the antibiotic useless and these antibiotic-resistant bacteria can spread easily because people are not immune to it and there is no effective treatment such as MRSA.

1. How vaccinations work:
   1. The dead or inactive cell of a certain cell is injected. Then white blood cells produce antibodies to destroy the pathogen. When the actual pathogen enters, white blood cells detect the pathogen and kill it.

1. Great care must be taken when culturing microorganisms. The bacteria you want to grow may be harmless but there is always a risk of a mutation which could produce a new dangerous pathogen.
   1. To make sure that uncontaminated cultures do not get contaminated investigations are taken in place:
      1. Petri dishes and culture media must be sterilised.
      2. Inoculating loops used to transfer microorganisms must be sterilised by passing them through a flame.
      3. The lid of the petri dish should be secured with adhesive tape to prevent microorganisms getting contaminated by the air.
   2. In school and college laboratories, cultures are incubated no more than 25°C because it reduces the likelihood that you will grow harmful pathogens.
   3. In industrial conditions bacterial cultures are often grown at height temperatures which allot the micro-organisms to grow more rapidly.