453468
Descrição
Mapa Mental por Jodie Goodacre, atualizado more than 1 year ago
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Criado por Jodie Goodacre
quase 11 anos atrás
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Energy Security
- Energy security is vital to the functioning of a country, particularly for its economy and the wellbeing of its people
- Any country that is self-sufficient in energy resources will be secure in the sense that it will have the energy needed for its development
- For less fortunate countries which rely on imported supplies, energy security depends on whether there is uninterrupted availability of energy at affordable prices
- Risks
- Physical - for example exhaustion of reserves or disruption
of supply lines by natural hazards such as earthquakes
- Environmental - for example protests about environmental damage caused by exploitation of energy resources
- Economic - for example sudden rises in the cost of
energy, or exhaustion of domestic supplies forcing
increased imports of higher-priced energy
- Geopolitical - for example political instability in energy producing regions, disputes or conflict over sovereignty
of energy resources, or disputes over energy transmission by pipelines or cables across countries
- Energy security has risen to the top of the agenda of many
governments, international organisations and businesses
- The sustained growth in demand for energy has led to serious concerns
over the long-term availability of reliable and affordable supplies
- Increasingly governments, industries and people are taking
a more protectionist view of their own sources of energy
- Physical - for example exhaustion of reserves or disruption
of supply lines by natural hazards such as earthquakes
- Measuring energy security
- Energy security is complex, but so great is concern about it that attempts have been made to measure it
- The energy security index (ESI) is an attempt to measure energy security
- ESI assesses the extent to which a country may look forward to a reliable and affordable supply of energy
- Availability - The amount and longevity of each country's domestic oil and gas supplies and its level of reliance on imported oil, gas and electricity
- Diversity - The range of
energy sources used in
meeting each country's
energy demand
- Intensity - The degree to which the economy of each country is
dependent on oil and gas
- Energy security is complex, but so great is concern about it that attempts have been made to measure it
- Levels
of risk
- ESI values range from 0 to 10
- Between these values four categories or degrees of risk are recognised
- Extreme risk - ESI values less than 2.5.
Most countries in this category are in
Northern Africa and Northern South
America. It also includes South Korea a NIC
- High risk - ESI values 2.5 to 5.0. Such
countries are scattered across the globe
and include a number of developed
countries, most notably the USA and Japan
- Medium risk - ESI values 5.0 to 7.5. A
widespread category in Europe, South and
Southeast Asia and Australia
- Low risk - ESI values greater than 7.5. Qualifying countries include Canada, Russia, Norway
and the more stable middle eastern states - all are producers and exporters of oil and gas
- Extreme risk - ESI values less than 2.5.
Most countries in this category are in
Northern Africa and Northern South
America. It also includes South Korea a NIC
- Between these values four categories or degrees of risk are recognised
- ESI values range from 0 to 10
- Characteristics of risk
- Heavy importers of oil and gas show high levels of risk
- Countries with substantial reserves show low levels of risk, regardless of their own levels of consumption
- Medium-sized development countries show low levels of risk, regardless of their own levels of consumption
- The level of risk in the
large emerging economies
is similar to that in most
advanced countries
- The relatively low level of risk in many African countries reflects
their low consumption or the existence of untapped resources
- The USA has a higher risk than might be expected because its huge consumption and imports
overshadow its significant oil and gas resources and the fact that it uses a diverse range on energy source
- Heavy importers of oil and gas show high levels of risk
- UK energy security
- In the 1980s and 1990s gas and oil from the North Sea meant that the UK was virtually self-sufficient in energy
- Now North Sea production has started to decline and the UK became a net importer of gas in 2004
- By 2020 gas imports could account for 80-90% of total demand
- Coal, for example, currently accounts for about 15% of the UK's primary energy supply and most of it is imported
- Coal is widely available from reliable
sources at competitive prices
- The energy security of the UK has become a major political issue
- The UK still has workable reserves of coal
- It could also offset energy security concerns by increasing the use of coal to generate electricity
- However, such a change would increase the UK's carbon emissions, which it has committed to reduce
- However, such a change would increase the UK's carbon emissions, which it has committed to reduce
- It could also offset energy security concerns by increasing the use of coal to generate electricity
- The UK relies not just on coal but also on a mixture of oil, gas and other forms of power
- In general terms, the UK needs to
minimise risks such as disrupted
supplies and escalating prices
- In the 1980s and 1990s gas and oil from the North Sea meant that the UK was virtually self-sufficient in energy
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