Molecular composition

All major atomic constituents of biological macromolecules
1. Building Blocks
  1. amino acids
  2. simple carbohydrates
  3. lipids
  4. nucleotides
2. Macromolecules
  1. Proteins
  2. DNA & RNA
  3. complex carbohydrates
  4. lipids
    1. lipids are not made up from polymers of building blocks. they are random structures but are still counted as macromolecules
  5. Polymers of building blocks
3. super molecular assemblies
  1. Membranes
  2. Ribosomes
  3. Chromatin
Role of Lipids, Carbohydrates, proteins and nuclear acids
1. Carbohydrates (polysaccharides)
  1. four levels of carbohydrates
    1. Monosaccharides
      1. Single molecule of carbs
    2. Disaccharides
      1. two monosaccharide molecules
    3. oligsacchirdes
      1. 3-10 monosaccharide molecules
    4. Polysaccharides
      1. 10 or more monosaccharide molecules
      2. The monosaccharide molecules are bonded together via glycosidic bonds by dehydration reaction
    5. Monosaccharide molecules e.g glucose, galactose and fructose
      1. hexoses are carbohydrates with 6 carbons molecules e.g Glucose
      2. Pentoses are carbohydrates with 5 carbons
      3. Monosaccharide molecules are bonded together by glycosidic bonds via dehydration reaction
      4. Glucose has two isomers which when bonded form different molecules.
        Alpha
        OH group at the bottom
        Beta
        OH group at the top go the 1st carbon
        position OH group determines the isomer
        glucose can only bond with similar isomers. e.g can not bond alpha isomer with beta isomer
  2. Function
    1. cell recognition
    2. energy
    3. structure
2. Lipids
  1. are not the formation of polymers
  2. Hydrophobic
    1. does not interact will water
  3. Diverse structures
    1. steroids
    2. phospholipids
    3. fats (tricyglyerols)
    4. fat soluble vitamins
  4. Function
    1. structure
      1. cell membrane
    2. regularity
    3. energy
3. nucleic acids
  1. DNA
  2. RNA
  3. information molecule
  4. polymers of nucleotides
4. proteins
  1. polymers of amino acids
  2. workers of the cell, proteins help cells function
  3. there are 20 different amino acid groups with are determined by their side chains

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	Criado por Vinh Tran quase 9 anos atrás