OCR 21st Century B1

Descrição

GCSE Biology Mapa Mental sobre OCR 21st Century B1, criado por Pritesh Patel em 08-03-2016.
Pritesh Patel
Mapa Mental por Pritesh Patel, atualizado more than 1 year ago
Pritesh Patel
Criado por Pritesh Patel quase 9 anos atrás
53
1

Resumo de Recurso

OCR 21st Century B1
  1. Genes
    1. A section of DNA giving the instructions for a cell about how to make a certain type of protein
      1. structural (e.g. collagen)
        1. functional (e.g. enzymes such as amylase)
        2. All the instructions to control how an organism develops and functions are found in the nucleus of its cells and are called genes
          1. genes are sections of DNA molecules that make up chromosomes in the nuclei of cells
        3. You and Your Genes
          1. Clones (individuals with identical genes)
            1. Bacteria, plants and some animals can reproduce asexually to form clones
              1. Differences between clones are due to environmental factors
                1. Plants- Bulbs or runners
                  1. Animals- artificially, when the nucleus from an adult body cell is transferred to an empty unfertilised egg cell
              2. Stem Cells
                1. Adult stem cells which are unspecialised cells that can develop into many different types.
                  1. unspecialised stem cells have the potential to produce cells needed to replace damaged tissues and therefore can be used to treat some diseases and illnesses
                    1. brain cells=Parkinsons
                      1. spinal damage, diabetes, skin grafts, liver damage
                    2. bone marrow= leukaemia. Develop into blood cells only
                    3. Embryonic stem cells- Any gene can be switched on during development to produce any type of specialised cell
                      1. Animals- When cells of an embryo separate (identical twins) via mitosis
                        1. majority of cells of multicellular organisms become specialised during the early development of the organism
                2. Characteristics
                  1. determined by genes (e.g. dimples)
                    1. determined by environmental factors (e.g. scars)
                      1. combination of genes and the environment (e.g. weight)
                        1. determined by several genes working together (e.g. eye colour)
                        2. Chromosomes + Allelles
                          1. Body cells contains 23 pairs of chromosmes
                            1. Gametes contain 23 individual chromosomes
                            2. Chromosomes in a pair carry the same genes in the same place, but that there may be different versions of genes called alleles .
                              1. When a sperm cell fertilises an egg cell, their nuclei join up. The fertilised egg cell now has 23 pairs of chromosomes in total
                                1. Variation- Each gametes contains a different mixture of alleles from each parent due to crossing over in the process of meiosis.
                                2. an individual usually has two alleles for each gene
                                  1. Male
                                    1. F e m a l e
                                      1. The Y chromosome triggers the development of testes, and that in the absence of a Y chromosome ovaries develop
                                3. genotype describes the genetic make-up of an organism (the combination of alleles)
                                  1. phenotype describes the observable characteristics that the organism has.
                                  2. Diseases and Inheritence
                                    1. A small number of disorders are caused by faulty alleles of a single gene, including Huntington’s disease and cystic fibrosis
                                      1. Huntington’s disease – late onset, tremor, clumsiness, memory loss, inability to concentrate, mood changes
                                        1. Caused by a dominant allele
                                        2. Cystic fibrosis – thick mucus, difficulty breathing, chest infections, difficulty in digesting food
                                          1. Caused by a recessive alleles
                                            1. a person with one recessive allele is a carrier and can pass the recessive allele to their children. They won't show the symptoms seen here
                                      2. Genetic testing
                                        1. predictive testing for genetic diseases
                                          1. Testing embryos for embryo selection (pre-implantation genetic diagnosis)
                                            1. Life decisions
                                              1. Whether to terminate a pregnancy
                                                1. Whether to have children
                                                2. Societal
                                                  1. Getting life insurance
                                                    1. employment implications
                                                      1. freedom of information
                                                  2. Preparation
                                                    1. Tell family
                                                      1. Councilling for stress
                                                        1. Religious implication
                                                          1. Preparation for newborn
                                                            1. Treatment possibilities
                                                      2. Risks
                                                        1. Foetal Damage/ infection
                                                          1. Chance of miscarriage
                                                            1. False Negatives- failed to detect a certain allele or faulty chromosome
                                                              1. False positives-wrongly detected a certain allele or faulty chromosome.
                                                      3. testing an individual before prescribing drugs

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