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52474
Respiratory Mechanics
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Bio 235 Mapa Mental sobre Respiratory Mechanics, criado por Susy Sanchez em 21-04-2013.
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bio 235
bio 235
Mapa Mental por
Susy Sanchez
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Susy Sanchez
mais de 11 anos atrás
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Respiratory Mechanics
Pulmonary Ventilation
Inspiration & Expiration
Volume change of thoracic cavity and lungs
Boyle's Law P~1/V
Quiet Breathing
Diaphragm: Increase thoracic volume
External Intercostal: raise ribs and increase thoracic volume
Expiration: passive recoil (elastin)
Deep Breathing
Inhalation
Scalene, Sternocleidomastoid
Raise ribs and increase thoracic volume
Expiration
Internal intercostal & abdominals
What controls breathing factors
Medulla Respiration Centers
Brainstem
Starts at the Medulla Oblongata (NTS)
Basic breathing rhythm
if medulla destroyed you will have trouble breathing
Pons Respiratory Centers
Influence breathing rhythm
Two respiratory centers
Apneustic Center
Stimulates inspiratory neurons of the medulla
Makes breathing increases
Pneumotaxic Center
Antagonizes apneustic center
Reduction of Breathing
Peripheral and Central Chemoreceptors
Influenced breathing rhythm (rate and depth)
Sensitive to blood CO2, O2 and pH
Location
Medulla Oblongata CENTRAL
Aortic and carotid bodies (PERIPHERAL)
Phrenic nerve innervates the diaphragm
Intercostal nerves innervates the intercostal muscles
Chemoreceptors Mechanism
Central Chemoreceptors
Greatest effect on Ventilation
BBB impermeable to H+ bond enters CSF (lowest pH)
Formation of H2CO3 by carbonic anhydrase
H+ activates central chemoreceptors
Peripheral Chemoreceptors
Respond to blood pH levels
Most sensitive to PCO2 & pH
PCO2 influence blood pH
Hyperventilation
Low CO2 (HYPOCAPNIA)
Hypoventilation
Low CO2 (HYPERCAPNIA)
Adjusted to maintaIn 40mmHg PCO2
Effects of blood PO2 on Ventilation
low blood PO2 (Hypoxamia) has little affect on ventilation
Blood PO2 ust decrease from 100 mmHg to 50 mmHg to influence ventilation
Cerebral Cortex
Voluntary override
Breath hold
Panting
Sighing
Emotions
Other Ventilation Regulatory Mechanisms
Proprioreceptors
Temperature and pain receptors
Irritant receptors
Rapidly adapting respond to smoke smog and particulates
Causes cough sneezing bronchoconstriction
Hering-Stretch receptors activated during inspiration
Located in smooth muscle of airways
Inhibits respiratory centers to prevent overinflation of lungs
Assessing Pulmonary function
Spirometry
Tidal volume amount of air expired/breath
Tidal capacity: amount of air forcefully exhaled after a maximum inhalation
TV+IRV+ERV
Tv=tidal volume
Volume of gas inspired or expired in a unforced respiratory cycle
IRV=Inspiration Reserve Volume
Maximum volume of gas that can be inspired during forced breathing in addition
ERV= Expiration reserve volume
Maximum volume of gas that can be expired during forced breathing in addition
Terms
ANATOMICAL DEAD SPACE
air in conducting Zone
FORCED EXPIRATORY VOLUME )FEV1)
Air exhaled in forced breath in 1 second
FORCED VITAL CAPACITY
Total amount of air exhaled in FEV test
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