NAPOLEON'S CONSOLIDATION OF POWER

POLICE STATE
1. Joseph Fouche was Minister of Police
  1. Prefects acted as trained spies, censors, propagandists and searched for draft dodgers.
  2. Assisted by gendarmes (18,000 by 1810) - each department had a prefect, and sub-prefect - all local officials were nominated by the prefect, mirrored intendants under Louis' regime.
    1. Little serious opposition vs. the regime - nobody able to mount effective challenge.
    2. 1810 - Arbitrary Imprisonment introduced, but rarely used. (Like Lettres de Cachet)
PATRONAGE
1. Legion of Honour (from 1802) - 38,000 awards made (4,000 to civilians, most to military)
  1. 1804 - 1808: new titles created for imperial court officials - some titles bought about large estates.
  2. 1808: new imperial nobility (e.g. princes, counts, barons, chevaliers) 3,500 titles granted between 1808 - 1814.
    1. Senatories - grants of large country estates to members of the senate and those with income exceeding 25,000 francs and appointment as prefects.
      1. Personal gifts given - e.g. often 5,000 francs, enough for a Parisian home.
PRESS (PROPAGANDA)
1. Napoleon devised highly centralised system of propaganda.
  1. So nothing reflected badly on him, particularly historical events.
2. 1800 - Paris political journals reduced from 73 to 9. The remaining 9 journals relied on news published from Le Moniteur for stories, however, this was written by Napoleon and his ministers; no news was often outdated and bias.
3. 1809 - Censors were appointed to each paper. 1810 - One paper, per department.
4. Up to 1810 - reports on all books, plays, lectures, posters in Paris were sent to Napoleon. Two copies of each book were sent to the police before publication.
  1. Number of Parisian papers was reduced to 4, under police supervision.
5. 1810 (Onwards) - regular systems of censorship setup: a) 1/2 the presses in Paris closed. b) Publishers forced to buy license and swear oath of loyalty. c) Booksellers controlled and punished. d) Sculptors and artists used as propaganda (e.g. David)
DOMESTIC POLICIES (REFORM)
1. LAW AND ORDER
  1. Judges (elected under the Directory) were appointed by government for life and were kept loyal by close supervision, purges and patronage.
  2. Arbitrary Imprisonment (like lettres de cachet) introduced, rarely used. House arrest more common.
2. EDUCATION
  1. AIMS: a) Create and elite military and civilian leadership who were loyal to the regime. b) Bind the nation under central control
  2. Most children only received perfunctory education that was provided by church or community.
  3. 1802 - Secondary Education was placed under government control - 'eccles centrale' were replaced about lycées (45 eventually) - instructors (teachers) in these were chosen by Napoleon.
    1. Highly centralised curriculum.
  4. 6,400 scholarships (2,400 sones of military.gov officials; 4,000 sons of notables)
    1. Pupils spoke an oath of daily catechism in praise of Napoleon, swore an oath every morning.
3. RELIGION
  1. Napoleon not religious - referred not religions as 'the mystery of the social order'.
    1. Concordat, signed in 1801, separation of church / state ended. Church became subservient to the state. Tolerations of other faiths remained.
CONSTITUTION OF THE YEAR VIII
1. Napoleon claimed to be establishing a representative democracy based on popular sovereignty.
2. Universal male suffrage was merely a token gesture; there were no free and fair elections.
3. First Consul had the power to appoint and remove ministers; initiate all legislation and make war/peace.
  1. Principle of 'senatus-consultum' (Jan 1801) meant that legislative bodies did not need to be listened to.
    1. Senate was appointed by Napoleon. Tribunate (indirectly) elected - couldn't vote on legislation. Legislature very indirectly elected but full of Napoleon's supporters.
FINANCE
1. Gaudin (Finance Minister) & Barbe-Marbois (Treasury)
  1. Reforms included: 1. Clearer division of roles - Minister of Finance in charge of tax collections. 2. Reorganisation of indirect/direct tax collection. 3. Bank of France (1900)
    1. PROBLEMS: a) Increased military spending; 700 million Francs in 1806 to 1000 million Francs in 1813.
      1. b) Government deficit made up of forcing defeated countries to pay reparation - the military defeats of 1813/14 led to poorer finances and renewed instability.
  2. Assessment and collection of indirect taxation moved from local authorities (centralised)
  3. More efficient land register / land tax introduced - became main source of government revenue.
    1. Indirect taxation increased (including tobacco, alcohol, gold/silver) - crated a central exist office in 1804.
      1. Revenue increased by 400% from 1806 - 1812.
      2. 1806 - Salt added to the list of indirect taxation (gabelle)
    2. By 1813, 25% government revenue came from direct taxation.
    3. Franc de Germinal - based on ratio of gold and silver - became soundest currency in Europe.
CIVIL CODE - NAPOLEON
1. Recognised the legal rights of those who benefitted from the confiscation of church and bible land - clever way of binding them to the regime.
2. Recognised 'partage' - equal inheritance, rather than just eldest son.
3. Code exported throughout Europe.
  1. Liberal Principles: Abolition of feudalism, church subservient to the state, equality before the law, freedom of conscience / religion.
  2. Illiberal Principles: Authority of father / husband could send aduterous wife or defiant child to prison. Divorce very difficult. Slavery in colonies reintroduced. Workmen needed work permit (livret) in order to gain a job (ensured police supervision)

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	Criado por Cameron Hardwick aproximadamente 8 anos atrás