Lung Diseases

Anexos:

• Gaseous Exchange
• Cells and the Immune System

1. Pulmonary Tuberculosis
   1. immune system build wall around TB bacteria in lungs - TUBERCLES
      1. infected tissue dies, reducing SA and Tidal Volume
         1. Fibrosis further reduces TV
   2. Symptoms
      1. Ventilation Rate increases
      2. blood and mucus coughed up
      3. chest pains and fatigue
2. Fibrosis
   1. scar tissue forms due to infection or exposure to asbestos, dust etc.
      1. scar tissue is thicker and less elastic
         1. diffusion is slower across so less oxygen is available to the body
         2. can't expand so well, reduces Tidal Volume
   2. Symptoms
      1. increased Ventilation Rate
      2. dry cough
      3. weakness and fatigue
      4. chest pains
3. Asthma
   1. airways become inflamed/irritated usually because of allergic reaction
      1. smooth muscle lining Bronchioles produces lots of mucus, causing constriction of airways and reduction of air flow
   2. Symptoms
      1. wheezing and shortness of breath
      2. tight chest
   3. can be treated with inhalers which relax Bronchiole muscles
4. Emphysema
   1. trapped foreign particles cause inflammation
      1. Phagocytes attracted to area
         1. release enzyme that breaks down Elastin (protein in alveoli walls which helps them return to usual shape after in/exhalation)
            1. Alveoli can't Recoil so well, so some air is trapped
               1. Alveoli Walls destroyed, reducing gas exchange
   2. Symptoms
      1. wheezing and shortness of breath
      2. increased Ventilation Rate
   3. caused by smoking or long-term exposure to air pollution