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61406
Nathaniel Hawthorne "The Scarlet Letter" 1850
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Early American Literature 1820-1865 Mapa Mental sobre Nathaniel Hawthorne "The Scarlet Letter" 1850, criado por meg.weal em 29-04-2013.
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early american literature 1820-1865
early american literature 1820-1865
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meg.weal
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Nathaniel Hawthorne "The Scarlet Letter" 1850
An American Literature
form - novella/short story
character development of Hester makes the novella popular with female readers
suggests possibilities despite sins
relationship between Hester & Pearl
warm/motherly/unscathed/familial/sentimental/traditional
investigation in to how history has shaped American identity- tragic vision of the world
humanity cannot get any lower
Conservatism v. Democracy
Russell Kirk believed Hawthorne's Puritan portrayal was a way of impressing "the idea of sin upon a nation which would like to forget it"
Conservative achievment
Transcendentalists believed in focussing on the future as opposed to relying on the psat
Emerson
"Our age is retrospective" - Nature
"Each age, it is found, must write its own books; or rather, each generation for the next succeeding. The books of an older period will not fit this."
- The American Scholar
Dimmesdale characterises democratic views
His decay comes from the search for spiritual perfection.
critique of transcendentalists
only saved by Pearl's kiss at the end of novel & when the truth is revealed
Narrator tells novella in past tense
Social Judgments
Transformation of Scarlet Letter from a symbol of shame to a symbol of power/reverence
Sin & shame allow Hester & DImmesdale to consider the human condition and other's situations
"sympathies so intimate with the sinful brotherhood of mankind, so that his heart vibrates in union with theirs"
"Throughout them all, giving up her individuality, she would become the general symbol at which the preacher and moralist might point, and in which
they might vivify and embody their images of woman's frailty and sinful passion. Thus the young and pure would be taught to look at her, with the
scarlet letter flaming on her breast"
Hester is no longer an individual - a symbol of "women's fragility and sinful passion"
"Heaven would show mercy," rejoined Hester, "hadst thou but the strength to take advantage of it."
contradicts & challenges the Puritan views of pre-destination & innate depravity
changing the perception of her & her fate
Religion in C19th America
Pre-destination
the idea that your afterlife has already been planned
resulted in a very paranoid society of Puritans - no way of determining who was good/bad
thought that Earth and life were a horrible trial to test your soul
lead to over-reading/mis-reading of symbols in Puritan society eg. Scarlet Letter
innate depravity
Perceptiveness of Peal
"“the sunshine does not love you. It runs away and hides itself, because it is afraid of something on your bosom. . . . It will not flee from me, for
I wear nothing on my bosom yet!"
links to the Puritan belief that since Adam's fall from Grace all children are born innately evil
also seen in Poe
understands things which she shouldn't
contrasts with Transcendentalist movement
children are the enablers and the innocence of America
A teacher does not teach but enables the child's mind to learn
God makes men innately good - it is society which corrupts them
Thoreau's "Resistance to Civil Government"/Emerson's "Nature"
Wilderness v. Civilisation
“was that the same minister that kissed me by the brook?”...“We must not always talk in the market-place of what happens to us in the forest.”
Hester & Dimmesdale's metting in the woods allows the truth to avail & leads to momentary happiness
2 different interpretations of wilderness in C19th America
Wilderness/Nature as close to God
Wilderness as dangerous/untamed/unsafe
lack of rules and judgments in wilderness
Hester's cottage is on the outskirts of town & woods - is between belonging somewhere - not in total freedom but not as confined by social rules
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