Thermodynamics

Descrição

Graduação Thermodynamics & Stat. Physics Mapa Mental sobre Thermodynamics, criado por eg612 em 01-04-2014.
eg612
Mapa Mental por eg612, atualizado more than 1 year ago
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Criado por eg612 mais de 10 anos atrás
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Resumo de Recurso

Thermodynamics
  1. Reversibility

    Anotações:

    • No dissipation Quasi-static process (i.e. only equilibrium states)
    1. Reversible Work

      Anotações:

      • Need infinitely many processes, each resulting in an infinitesimally small work.
      1. Reversible heat

        Anotações:

        • Need infinitely many reservoirs at infinitesimally different temperature.
      2. Engines

        Anotações:

        • Convert heat into work
        1. Cycles: all state variables restored
          1. Brayton Cycle (Jet engine)
          2. Two reservoir engines

            Anotações:

            • Theoretical concepts with a hot and a cold reservoir.
            1. Refrigerator: heat engine run in reverse

              Anotações:

              • Heat Q_C comes in from cold reservoir. Work is done on the system. Heat Q_H flows out to hot reservoir.
              1. Heat pump: refrigerator used to heat up (same principle as refrigerator)
                1. Coefficient of performance: w_P = Q_H/W_F
                2. Coefficient of performance: w_F = Q_C/W_F
                3. Heat engines
                  1. Efficiency: eta = W_E/Q_in = 1 - Q_out/Q_in
                  2. Remember: all efficiency coefficients take form: (what you take out)/(what you put in)
                4. 2nd Law

                  Anotações:

                  • Kelvin, Clausius and Mathematical statements.
                  1. Thermodynamic trick for irreversible processes

                    Anotações:

                    • Choose reversible process between same state variables and calculate change in entropy along that.
                    1. e.g. Isothermal reversible expansion VS Adiabatic free expansion
                    2. Carnot cycle
                      1. Carnot's Theorem
                        1. Part 1: no machine can be more efficient than Carnot's machine
                          1. Part 2: every Carnot engine operating bw same T's has the same efficiency eta = 1 - T_C/T_H
                            1. Can define absolute thermodynamic temperature
                        2. Entropy
                          1. Can use heat flow in the reservoir for thermodynamic trick
                            1. Entropy of the unverse
                              1. Increases in irreversible processes
                                1. Energy is degraded in irreversible processes
                                  1. Entropy defines the arrow of time
                                    1. Equilibrium is a state of maximum entropy
                                      1. Exergy/Availability always decreases
                                    2. Stays constant in reversible processes
                                  2. Classical thermodynamics
                                    1. Operational definitions of observables
                                      1. Clausius' Inequality
                                        1. Fundamental equation of Thermodynamics: dU = TdS - PdV
                                          1. Thermodynamic potentials

                                            Anotações:

                                            • Use fund. equation to sub U
                                            1. Enthalpy: H = U + PV

                                              Anotações:

                                              • Can be interpreted as "heat content" of system in  CONSTANT P, REVERSIBLE process.
                                              1. Joule -Thomson process: Isoenthalpic
                                                1. dH > 0: endothermic dH < 0 exothermic
                                                2. Helmoltz Free Energy: F = U - TS
                                                  1. -dF = maximum work that can be extracted in isothermal process
                                                    1. Useful for link to Statistical Physics
                                                    2. Gibbs function: G = U + PV - TS
                                                      1. Useful specific Gibbs function: divide by mass M = N*m_p
                                                      2. Maxwell's relations
                                                        1. Energy equation: apoply when PV is proportional to T as in ideal gases
                                                      3. Applications
                                                        1. Phase changes
                                                          1. Clausius-Clapeyron equation
                                                            1. Order of phase transition given by first discontinuous derivative of g w.r. to T or P
                                                            2. Photon gas
                                                              1. Surface tension
                                                              2. 3rd Law: S=0 at T=0 => Impossible to reach T=0 in finite number of steps

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