A Smoker With Chronic Cough

LUNG CANCER
1. Lung cancer risks and causes
  1. Heavy Smoker
    1. smokes at least 20 cigarettes daily
    2. Effect of smoking on the body
    3. Smoker's cough
      1. a dry irritated cough to remove all smoke out of lungs
      2. types
        body coughs due to inhaled toxins and irritants
        ongoing chronic smoker's cough
  2. exposure to radon and certain chemicals
  3. Air pollution
  4. previous lung disease
  5. family history of lung cancer
  6. lowered immunity
2. Diagnosis
  1. 1) positive history markers
  2. 2) Physical Examination
    1. head & neck
      1. enlargement of lymph nodes
    2. CVD
      1. effusion
    3. Respiratory system
      1. Lung Spirometry
        lung function test
    4. GI tract
    5. Musculoskeletal system
    6. CNS
  3. 3) tests
    1. CBC
    2. Blood protein testing
    3. Tumor Marker tests
      1. Substances produced by tumor cells, detectable in blood
        Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
        for
        diagnosis
        screening for recurrences
        monitoring response to treatment
  4. 4) Investigations
    1. X-Ray
    2. CT-Scan
    3. PET scan
    4. Bronchoscopy
      1. Biopsy
        Needle
        procedure to remove a piece of tissue or a sample of cells from body so that it can be analysed in lab
        HistoPathology
        benign
        well differentiated
        resembles normal forebears structurally and functionally
        malignant
        poorly-moderately differentiated
        anaplasia (Undifferentiated)
  5. Grading and staging of cancer
    1. Grading
      1. level of aggressiveness of a tutor based on histological appearances
    2. Staging
      1. assesment of the spread of malignant tutor based on clinical and radiographic finding
3. CARCINOGENESIS
  1. Carcinogens
    1. a substance or agent that causes cancer
    2. Chemical
      1. direct acting
      2. non direct acting
      3. natural plant or micorbial product
    3. Physical
      1. ionising radiation
      2. non ionising radiation
    4. Biological
      1. bacteria
      2. oncogenic RNA viruses
      3. oncogenic DNA viruses
  2. non lethal genetic damage to a cell
    1. 4 classes of genes
      1. proto oncogene
        oncogene activated by
        mutation
        promoter insertion
        chromosomal translocation
        gene amplification
        can be
        growth factor
        growth factor receptor
        signal transducing protein
        nuclear transcription factor
      2. tumor suppressor gene
        Retinboblastoma
        P53
      3. DNA repair genes
      4. Apoptosis genes
  3. a multiple step process
    1. initiation
    2. promotion
    3. progression
4. Cancer Management
  1. Anti Cancer drugs
    1. Action on DNA
      1. alkylation
      2. free radical formation
      3. antimebolites
    2. action on mitotic spindle
      1. plant alkaloid
    3. action on steroid hormone receptors
      1. agonist
      2. antagonist
Coping
1. 2 tyoes
  1. problem focused
    1. long term
  2. emotion focused
    1. short
2. Avoidant coping
  1. denial-isolation-escaping
Cancer's effect on body
1. cachexia
2. paraneoplastic syndrome
3. bleeding and infection

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	Criado por Salma Mk mais de 7 anos atrás