Fracture in the arm

Anatomy of the arm
1. Bones
2. Muscles
3. Nerves, Arteries, veins
BONE FRACTURE
1. definition
  1. is a medical condition in which there is a damage in the continuity of the bone
2. Signs and symptoms
  1. Pain, swelling, tenderness, deformities, limit ROM, stepping, crepitus
3. Types
  1. Open or closed
    1. According to the skin
    2. Open fracture can lead to bone infection
  2. Displaced or non displaced
  3. Greenstick
    1. A portion of the bone is broken
  4. Spiral
    1. Helical in shape
  5. Transverse
    1. Horizontal straight line
  6. Oblique
    1. sloped pattern
  7. Comminuted
    1. Breaks in small pieces
  8. Buckled
    1. Segments forced into each others
  9. Pathologic
    1. Ex: osteoporosis
  10. Stress
    1. caused by overusing
  11. Complicated
    1. When it cause damage to internal organs
4. Investigations
  1. X-ray
    1. CT scan
      1. MRI
        Blood tests
        Angiogram
        it shows the blood vessels
        to check the surrounding tissues and to get a clearer view
5. Management
  1. First line
    1. First Aid
      1. D.R.A.B.C. Emergency Response
      2. Immobilize the fracture
        Splinting the fracture
      3. Reduce Swelling
      4. Prevent further Injury
      5. Check for complications
      6. Stop any bleeding
  2. Second line
    1. Reduction
      1. Closed Manipulation
      2. Continuous Traction
      3. Open Reduction
    2. Immobilization
      1. Conservative
        POP-slings–traction–collar & cuff
      2. External fixation
        Bone fragments held by external scaffolding
      3. Internal fixation
        screw – plates – nails -wires
    3. Rehabilitation
Trauma mechanisms
1. Low energy trauma
  1. Simple falls, twisting injuries and sport injuries
2. High energy trauma
  1. Motor vehicle and motorcycle crashes
Bone Healing
1. Stages
2. Factors That Influence Bone Healing
  1. Infection
  2. Anemia and hypoxia
  3. Age and health status
  4. Soft tissue injury
  5. Chemical or thermal burns
  6. Inadequate immobilization
Wrist drop
1. an injury to the radial nerve resulting in impaired nerve function causing radial nerve palsy.
2. Signs and symptoms
  1. Numbness behind the hand and forearm
  2. inability of the patient to bend the wrist backwards or straighten the thumb and fingers
  3. persistent pain in the forearm or elbow
3. Muscles affected
  1. All extensor and supinator mucles are paralyzed
4. Nerves affected
  1. Radial nerve
5. Management
  1. First line management
  2. Surgery
    1. to repair the radial nerve
6. No extinsion of elbow
Conditioning
1. Classical
2. Operant
  1. Reinforcement
    1. Positive
    2. Negative
      1. Escape
      2. Avoidance
  2. Punishment
    1. Positive
    2. Negative
3. type of associative learning when a stimulus becomes associated with a consequence.

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Fracture in the arm

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	Criado por hamda ali mais de 7 anos atrás