Unit one growth and development

Principle of growth / development

growth - physicological changes, height, head curicumference 4 principles of growth:  rate isnt constant  grows at different rates vary between children  boys is faster than girls  development - acqulistion of skills and abilities  types: physical development intellecutal / cognitive development: language, memory, thinking skils emotional development: feeling to others/ ourselves social development: ability to form relationships, learn to be independent development milestone - vary between individuals but follows same sequence  types: 0-3 months: use gurling, crying to communicate 18 months: say 6 to 10 words 2 years: link words together 3 years: simple sentence 8 years: reason and explain  

gross motor skils, 0-8 years

gross motor skills - control of large muscles: arms, legs infancy 0-2yrs: skills developm from head down  6months infant gradually control muscles in neck/back  11-13months muscles in legs develop  2 years climb onto low thing  activitys: crawling  walking  running  balancing  climbing  

fine Motor Skills, 0-8 years

fine motor skills - control of movement in smaller muscles: fingers, hands development of the small muscles in the fingers and hands: new born: grasp adult fingers / pick up small objects using prince grasp 18 months: build small blocks / use a spoon using palmar gasps 3 years: use a fork and spoon / turn page of book / press buttons by developing the tripod grasp 5 years: control muscles in fingers / hand eye coordination activities: holding rattle  buiding blocks  playing with toys  writing  completing jigsaw puzzles  

physical development in Adlescence:

life stage between 9-18 yrs puberty: girls 11-13yrs boys 13-15yrs hormones sent to the brain - signal to the Pituary glands releases hormones that stimulate overires in girls / testes in boys produce sex hormones. height can increase rapid over short time  role of Hormones in sexual development: boys - testoerne produe in testes / stimulates growth of penis, testes, public hair, muscles  girls - oestrogen and progesterone in overies / stimulate growth of breast, reproductive system primary sexual characteristics - processes related to sex organs helps birth/sex hormones menstruation begins  penis enlargement  prostates glads produces secretion testes enlarge and produce sperm  secondary sexual characteristics - not needed for reporduction. growth of armpit and pubic hair  growth spurts increased muscles       

Physical development in early adulthood:

life stage between 19-45 yrs charateritcs physical maturity: full height is reached  reaction time is quickest hand eye coordination is at peak  sexual characteristcs are fully developed physical strength / stamina at peak  fertility and permienopauce: women are most fertile at begining of this  40-45 yrs reach end of reproductive years - perimenopauce menopauce - reduction in oestrogen cause physical and emotional symptom. physical and emotional sysptom of menopauce: hot flushes night sweats mood swings    

physical development in middle adulthood.

life stage between 46-65 yrs effect of ageing: grey hair  loss of muscle tone  body shape changes men being lose hair loss of height menopauce: natural physciological change happen over several years ending with menstruation symptoms of menopauce are result of hormonal changes: reduction in oestrogen : ovaries stop produceing eggs, thinning / shrinkage of vagina  reudction in oestrogen / progestrone: gradually stops menstruation  impact libido  reduction in oestrogen: effect of health of hair, skin, nails / cause mood swings

physical development in later adulthood

life stage 65+ yrs effects of ageing: decline in strength loss of muscle high suscpetibiity to infection  less elasticity in the skin intellecutal ability: doesnt impact cognitive ability negatively affect how individuals processes infromation memory  recall  speed of thinking

intellecutal development

types: problem solving  language development  moral development  abstract thought and creative thinking memory stage of life:  infancy to early childhood- 90% of brain cells are connected by the child is 5 early adulthood - gain knowledge, skills, experience later adulthood - memory begin to decline    

Stages of cognitive development - Piaget

believed children pass through distinct development stages in sequences via play criticism: underestimated children development / support they can move quickly to the next stage stages: sensorimotor: 0-2yrs / learn about environment and develop early schemas via play pre-operational: 2-7yrs / control their environment via symbolic behaviour / representational words and drawing and pretend play / not yet thinking logically concrete operations: 7-11yrs / practical resources to help understand the world / classify and categories use to understand thing they see formal operations: 11-18yrs / young people capacity for abstract thoughts / rational thought / problem solving schematic development theory: assimilation - an understanding of schemas  equilibrium - child experiences fits with their schemas disequilibrium - new experiences disturbs their schemas accommodation - child understand schemas changes to take account of new experiences   

piaget - how child thinks

believed that children think differently to adults conservation - the child understanding the amount remains the same even when container shapes has changed. tested to see there reason and logical of thinking tested via water entering more than one size container but the same amount of water in each egocentrism -  until child is 7 there only see things from there view tested via a mountain test (child could only see one side of mountain and not side of the doll view) criticisms: underestimates children rate of development  support = child develop more advance concepts some child given experiences that help them move through the stages faster  some children see things from the perspective of other before the age of 7 

language development

stages: infancy -  0-3 months: makes mouth movement / cries for food or comfort 6-12 months: understand some words / make sounds  18months: say between 6 to 10 words / follow simple instruction early adulthood -  2-3 yrs: link words together  / vocab increases to 200 words  3-5yrs: ask question / simple sentences / may use incorrect form of words  8yrs: speak in complex sentences / reason and explain  adolences -  9-19yrs: developing vocab / language to explain abstract ideas  

language Aquisition Device (LAD)

chomsky - hypothetical part of human mind allows infants to acquire and produce language  suggest: born with a structure in their brains that enables them to acquire language  critical period for first language development in first year of life  follow same pattern of language development innate understanding of structure of language / basis for all language  criticisms: lack of scientific evidence rate of lang development affected by amount of interaction  language doesn't acquisition support system is required 

Bowlby - theory of attachment

attachment = emotional bond formed between infant and care giver  infants are biologically pre-programmed to form attachment: early months infant form one primary attachment  critical period for developing attachment  attachment to primary caregiver is essential  disruption to attachment has neg impact on development  model for future attachment  

Schaffer and Emerson stage of attachment

0-3 months : responds to any caregiver 4-7 months : shows preference for primary caregiver but accept care from other 7-9 months: prefers primary caregiver and seeks comfort when not happy / unhappy when seperated 10+ : develop attachment with others who responds to them  18months: forms attachment with many people

Ainsworth - theory of attachment

3 mains types of attachment based of study of children reaction when parted with parents. types:  Secure - parents tune with child and their emotions. infant shows destress when parents leaves and greets them when they return / seek comfort from them avoidant - unavailable to child / rejects them.  shows no distress when caregiver leaves / continues to explore resistant - inconsistent in meeting child needs. shows distress when caregiver leaves / resist contact on their return 

Emotional development - self concept

Self-images - how individuals view themselves / influenced by how they are perceived by others self-concept - combination of self-image and self-esteem self-esteem - how individuals value and feel about the knowledge they have of themselves factors which may impact self-image and self-esteem: life experiences sexual orientation  family / cultures life circumstances negative self-image - feel unattractive / receiving negative comments positive self-image - feel attractive / positive comments high self-esteem - feel confident / willing to try anything low self-esteem - feels worthless / less likely to try new things  

Stages of play

play in infant and early childhood: all children play  start to play when few months old promotes PIECS development stages of play: solo play - 0-2 yrs / play on its own / aware of other are present but ignores them  Parallel play - 2-3yrs / playing next to each other but still play on there own  co-orparated play - 3yrs / sharing and talking and playing with others     

Friendship and relationships

developing relationships: formal - develop between non-related individuals intimate - begin in Adolescence and continue and new one throughout life informal - built between individuals and family / start with attachment in infancy / strong informal relationship healthy relationship : trust / acceptance / respect negative relationship : stress / blame / low self-esteem

social development and independence

independence is influenced by : health culture stage of social development  physical disability peer pressure: influenced ab individual to change their behaviour so they become social accepted negative affects: smoking / drugs/ depression/ stealing positive affects: studying / befriending /sport

Gesells - Maturation theory

explain how biological maturation is related to overall development bases his theory of beliefs: development is genetically determined from birth child follows same order sequence in their development  pace of development varies  observed:  behaviour of many children which determined average or norms he called milestones of development milestones described child physical , social, emotional Development positive views:  determined typical norms of development that are still used today  advanced methods to observe negative views:  didn't consider who influences of individuals of cultural diffeences believed norms of development he described were desirable   

Bandura - social learning theory

suggest way children behave is an interaction between personal / environmental factors theory based on beliefs that learning through observing, limiting and modelling behaviour via: attention - when child focuses attention on model behaviour  retention - child observed is retained in memory to use when occurs reproductive  motivation  reinforcement:  positive - repeated due to personal satisfaction or reward  negative - not repeated to avoid bad experiences  vicarious - may be motivated due to role model / resist limiting the action due to model receives negative feedback 

Nature Vs Nurture:

debate:  nature - influence of merited feature on development based on genes Nurture - influence of environmental factors based on characteristics  nature and Nurture - Piaget accepted that children develop in a predestined way but believed experiences help them develop concepts  genetic predisposition: can be trigged by their environment and life experiences  stress -diathesis model: explain both nature and nurture play a part in development of physiological disorders nature - diathesis (predisposition to mental disorder due to an abnormality of the brain ) nurture - stresses (traumatic events in person life)

Genetic Factors:

predisposition to condition: genes set to instruction the cell that determines growth and development  inherit 23 pairs of chromosomes / contain genes dominant genes: passed from one parents or both  developing conditions depends on recessive or dominant gene example - Brittle bone disease (cause bone to break easily) / Huntington's disease (cause involuntary movement , cognitive and psychiatric disorders) recessive genes: must be passed on from both parents example - cystic fibrosis (cause of build-up of thick sticky mucous that can damage the lungs) / PKU (cause intellectual disability and development delay) condition caused by abnormality in an individual chromosomes: down syndrome - extra copy of chromosomes 21 Colour blindness - mutation in the X chromosomes / more common in males  genetic susceptibility to disease: increase likelihood of developing a disease due to an individuals genetic makeup  diseases = cancer, diabetes  

Biological factors

biological factors: mother lifestyle during pregnancy can affect the health and development of unborn child  factors = poor diet / drugs / alcohol / smoking effect on developing child: poor lifestyle choice in pregnancy lead to = low birth weight / premature weight / learning disabilities maternal infection: infections such as Rubella or CMV be passed to the baby in the womb causes = still birth / miscarriage / health problems Foetal alcohol syndrome: small head circumference  brain problems  abnormal growth  facial abnormailities  

Environmental factors

factors effecting human growth and development: inherited  social environmental economic biological life events pollution: harmful substances contaminate the atmosphere can be taken in via nose mouth skin can cause respitory disorder - asthma/cancer poor housing conditions: lead to short term / long term issues effects - depression / overcrowding /hypothemia / risk of infection  

health and social care service

available to support individuals with their health needs  relationships between health and social care service: health services: sexual health  mental health  eye contact walk in centres adult and children social care: day centre and luncheon clubs mousing home care supported living access to service can prove difficult for some people: service availability : may be restricitions on delivery or service opening   pressure on service because of increased demands  lack of public transport to take individuals to and form services individuals circumstances: mobility difficulties restrict physical access learning / communication difficulties can impact on person understanding of and contact with available services    

social factors - family dysfunction

dysfunctional families: member of families don't carry out their responsabilties needs of family member aren't met sibling rivalry and conflict abuse  reason on dysfunctional families: parental perpetuate their own dysfunctional upbringing  entreated mental illness in one or more family members alcohol or drug abuse  impact of dysfunctional: negative self-image  low self-esteem hard to build relationships and friendship effects of parental divorce or separation: isolation stress guilt health problems  parenting styles: supportive: authoritative - child accepts for who they are  permissive - parents are indulgent unsupportive:  authoritative - parents assert their authority / child is controlled disengaged - parents are neglect and show lack of interest

social factors - bullying

types of bullying: verbal - name calling / racism  emotional - ignoring / stalking cyber bullying - posting hateful things physical - hitting / kicking short term effects: stress / anxiety  poor self image depression  ED long term effects: Self Harm  Substance abuse risk of sucide

influence of culture and religion

culture, community and beliefs influences: diet  dress morality  lifestyle  dietary restriction: forbid some consumption of certain food  - Muslims don't eat pork  high fibre or low fats diets lower risk of high heart disease and high blood pressure / reduce cancer (possible health benefits) nutritional deficiencies / lack of calcium, iron, vitamin B12 (possible health risk) medical interventions: some don't believe in blood transfusions, transplants - jehovah's Witnesses deterioration to health and possible death (possible health risk) social and emotional effects of culture and beliefs: positive effects: share the same values, beliefs and religion  accepted and are supported by others feel valued negative effects: discriminated against due to there values, beliefs and religion  feel excluded  ignored and not understood 

economic factors

economic factors: income and expenditure lifestyles and health  employment status  education physical effects: +: job improve musle tone and fitness -: cause muscle damage  intellectual effects: +education / work -: being out of work / low income emotional effects: +: high status at work lead to postive self esteem -:low income lead to poor health social effects: +: afford a healthy lifestyle  -: low income leads to unhealthy lifestyle   

life events

examples: moving house starting school divorce leaving home tyoes if transitions: emotional - personal divorce (divorce / marriage) physical - change of envrionment (home / school) intellectual - job promotion / college physiological - injury / puberty predictable life events: life events you know is gonna happen positive events  unpredictable life events: life events youo dont know will happen  marriage

degeneration of the nervous tissue

causes: decline in short term memory increase in time taken to react decline in verbal capabiliy effects on senses loss of neuronese and degeneraive diseases: from strucutres of the brain that control movement may cause degenerative disease eg Parkinson disease average age of Parkinson 60. subsantia nigra - dopamine-producing cells physical effects of Parkinsons disease: tremor - shaking / begining in hands and arms mobility - slowness of movement / muscle stiffness cognitive effects of Parkinson disease: anxiety  depression  impairment in thinking and problem solving

degeneration of the sense organs

taste with age: number of taste buds decrease / reducing enjoyment of food / saliva decreases touch with age: reduce sensitivity to temp / reduced sensitivty to touch / skin become sensitive slight with age: vision becomes less sharp / pupil react more slowlyin bright light or darkness / increase risk of muscle hearing with age: hearing loss / hard to hear between sounds / tinnitus degeneration of sense organs can cause: low self-image anxiety isolation loss of independence

osteoarthritis and nutrition

osteoarthritis: swelling / pain in joints damage to soft tissue around joints hard to walk risk of osteoarthritis is increases: joints abnormally  being female obesity absorption of nutrients: reduced producion of gastic hydrocholric acid which prevents breakdown of poteints/fats/carboyhdrates deteriotation of functions of digestive organs and digestive lining effect of defincies in essentital nutrients: vitamin D - increase in risk of osteoporosis  / cancer /diabetes  calcium - bone loss / increase risk of fractures Vitamin B12 - slows creaion of red blood cells / reduce nerve function  Magnesium - impact of immune system / function of heart Omega-3 - increase risk of arthritis / macular degeneration  Potassium - weaken body / reduce cell function / kidney function   Vitamin C - slow healing / development of healhy tissue iron - increase the risk of anaemia   

Dementia

facts of Dementia: stroke may cause it  lifestyle factors may cause it - smoking / diet risk of it increase with age progressive Alzheimers disease: common in dementia patiens people over age of 65 proteins called plaques and trangles build up in brain  lead to shorttage of chemical in brain  effect transmission of signals  effcts of Alzheimer disease: early stage - decline in short term memory / hard to do simple tasks / problem solving later stage - language impairment / lack of judgement / agitation final stage - unable to recognise family member / death / lack of body control  support for Alzheimers: medication counselling end of life care  

effect of illness common in ageing

phsycial - make body less able to fight illness / cause pain and discomfort / reduce stamina intellectual - short term memory loss / affect decision-making skills emotional - lack of control / familites closer together / low-esteem social - abilitiy to communicate in groups / reduce opportunityties  lifestyle choices: healthy diet - additional nutrients exercice - keeps joints mobile drugs - non smoking reduces / medication prescription

pyschological effect of ageing

social change and their effects: loss of jobs and status - lakc of purpose / opportunities to try new things / reduce self esteem losing own home - security when forced to move  death of partners / friends: grief can cause a loss of sense of safety and security  reduce mobilitiy / fitness - inability to move around and contiune to carry out  loss of independence - increase of feeling helplessness finanical concerns:  less opportunity to socialise less money to buy food less money to pay for adequate heating  worry and stress loneliness and dependence: 36% of people over 65yrs live alone self esteem: no longer useful no longer independent and cant do things themselves finanically insecure and anxious about how they will pay for things  

theory of ageing

activty theory: social and psychological needs of individauls remain the same  people need activity and social interaction  individuals adjust to their declining health and mobility and strength  people contiune to invole themselves in the community  social disengagment theory:  people naturally withdraw from social contract older age  society withdraw from older people  people focus on their preious life and activities family expect less from older people  older peopl become more dependent  

provision for the aged

provision for older people is needed for: loss of mobility  loss of independence increase risk of falls  age-related disease prevetion of isolation what type of provsion is available: acute care healthcare social care communtity equipment  psychological care benefits and entitlements end of life care  how are healthy older people helped to stay healthy: ifleunza immunisation  winter fuel and cold weather payments health monitoring and screening occupational therapy 

ageing and economic effects

ageing population in the UK: life expetancy = 79.2 yr male  / 83.3yrs women  1/3 babies born today will reach 100 yr impact of the % rise in older people on economy: health and welfare pension cost employment housing  government responses: raise retirement age  increase taxes to pay for state pension and welfare  

The effect of life events

impact on health: anxiety digestive problems stress / sleeping problems headaches  

Holmes-Rahe - social adjustment rating scale

believed there was a correlation between psychological illness / stressful events study: listed 43 life events that individuals may experiences applied score to each life events depending on the level of stress it was likely caused patients were asked to indicare the life events they had experienced from the list pateintd added up the score from their life events results: found ther was a correlation between number of units and their illness

cardiovascular disease and ageing

change in the heart with ageing: heart increases in size -thicken walls, hard to relax muscle pacemaker cells decrease - problem with rythem in heart arterys walls narrow due to clogging by fats value inside heart control flow of blood health factors that can exacerbate heart disease: diabtes high blood cholesterol obesity lifestyles factors that can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease: alcohol smoking lack of exercie diet of high salt effect of cardiovascular disease in later life: negative - anger, depression, loss of independence positive - closer relationship with fam, choosing to improve lifestyles    

degeneration of the nervous tissue

degeneration of nervous tissue: reduction in reflexes and movement effect on senses decline in verbal capability decline in memory facts of nervous tissue: varies between old people same symptoms of Alzheimers new connection between nerve cells can develop loss of neurones and degenerative disease: structures of brain controls movement cause defenerative disease  - Parkinsons substantia nigra - dopamine producing cells physical effects of Parkinsons diseases: tremors -  uncontrollable shaking / begins in hands and arms mobility - slowness in movement / muscle stiffness cognitive effects of Parkinsons disease: depression anxiety impariment in thinking problem solving  

degeneration of the sense organs

taste with age: taste buds decrease production of saliva decrease smell decreases / hard to detect odours touch with age: reduces sensitivity to temp reduces sensitivity to injury  increased sensitivity to touch which causes bruises sights with age: vision become less sharp cataracts may develop - cloudy vision  pupils react slowly hearing with age: hearing weakens hard to distinguish between sounds tinnitus social and emotional effects of degeneration of sense of organs: isolation  anxiety  depression hard to take part in activities  

Osteoarthritis and Nutrition

physical effects of Osteoarthritis: swelling and pain in joints damages to the soft tissues around joints hard to walk  risk of osteoarthritis is increased by: obesity  genetics being female  injury to joints Absorption of nutrients: reduction of production of gastric hydrochloric acid - prevents breakdown of proteins, fats,carbs. deterioration of function of digestive organs and digestive lining effects of deficiencies in essential nutrients: Vitamin D - increase risk of cancer, diabetes / reduction of body ability to absorb calcium  calcium - bones lose / increase risk of fractures Vitamins B12 - slow creation of red blood cells / reduce nerves Magnesiums - impact immune system / function of heart Omega 3 - increase risk of arthritis  Potassium - weakens bones / reduces cell function  Vitamins C - lows healing / reduces cell function  Iron - increase risk of anaemia 

Dementia

facts -  stroke can cause it  lifestyle factors can cause it - unhealthy diet / smoking old age  Alzheimers disease: most common cause of Dementia over the age of 65  proteins called PLAQUES and TRAINGLES build up in brain  lead to shortage of chemicals in brain - effects transmission to signal  effects of Alzheimers: early stage - decline in short term memory / hard to do simple tasks later stage - lack of judgement / language impairment  final stage - death / lack of control of body functions support needs for Alzheimers: medication  end of life care memory clinics 

psychological effects of ageing

social changes and their effects: lose of jobs and status - low self esteem  reduced mobility / fitness  loss of independence reduces access to social networks death of partners  losing own homes  financial concerns: 29% of retired people didn't have financial concerns  26% said they were just getting by  most orders don't have financial concerns 14% live in poverty  less opportuninitys to socialise  less money to buy food  self-esteem: they no longer useful no longer independents  can't do things for themselves    

effects of illness common in ageing

physical: body less able to fight infection  reduce stamina  lost mobility  intellectual: short term memory loss decision making skills difficulty in verbal communication  social: opportunity to make friends impact on socialising  affect ability to communicate in groups  emotional: feeling out of control  low self esteem families closer together lifestyle choices: healthy diet - additional nutriences exercise - keeps joints moving drugs - medicine

theories of ageing

activity theory: social and psychological eeds of individuals remain the same people need activity and social interaction  individuals adjust to their decline health and mobility / strength people continue to involce themselves in the community  social disengagement theory: people naturally withdraw from social contact in older age society withdraw from older people focus on their previous life and activities expect less from older people  older people become more dependent  ageing can result in transquility and be a positive development 

provision for the aged

provision for older people is needed for: age related condition  chronic conditions prevention of isolation  increase risk of injurys types of provision: acute care -  meet immediate needs  healthcare - support for long term conditions social care - own home care community equipment - keeping people mobile psychological care - mental health nursings benefits and entitlement - adaption to home  end of life care - pain relief  how are healthy older people helped to stay healthy: winter fuel and cold weather payment infleunza immunisation  health monitorting and screening integrated service: formal health care - private / statutory  informal health care - provided by family / relgion     

ageing and economic effects:

ageing population in UK: life expetancy women = 83.3yrs / males = 79.2yrs 1/3 babies born today will live past 100yrs impact of the % rise in older people on the economy: health and welfare pension cost employment  housing  government response: rasing in retirement age  ecouraging people in work to take out private pension  increasing taxes pay for state pension  / welfare pressure on services: families being unable / less willing to care for older family members advances in medicine helps people to live longer increase number of old people with conditions