Settlement Change

Residential:Give people place to live, where this is the main functon know as dormitory or commuter settlements often found close to larger towns or cities where inhabitants work. Another type is one that provides for retired folks such as EastbourneMarket centres:Provide services for local area found in fertile farming areas have good transport links and many were centered on a bridging point over a river giving acces to both sides of the river. Usually contained a market place where weekly market would be held.Administaration:Often county towns that employ a large number of people as civil servants and are centres of local government. Example is newbury in berkshireStrategic:Have physical geography to protect them from attack one top of hills for defense such as Windsor, inside a meander bend Warkworth in Northumberland, beside a gap in a range of hills such as Dorking, on an island in a river, iriginal site of ParisIndustrial:Provide jobs in secondary industry, located on coalfiels and had good access to railways and canals for transport. Many found in North Staffordshire such as KidsgroveTourist resorts:Started with arrival of the railways, some in coastal locations such as Blackpool, spa towns such as Bath, national parks Malham, major cities should be included as people love to visit the historic sites in cities such as Rome and LondonHow functions can change:Aberfan in South Wales was first agricultural village during industrial revolution coal was found in the valley and Merthy Vale coal mine was opened in 1875 so became industrial settlement as majority of population worked in mine. In 1989 coal mine was closed and became residential settlement now a commuter village with people who live there working in local towns and cities such as Merthr Tydfil. Also retirement settlement as age structure reveeals larege number of people in the retirement age group still some farms.

Counter-urbanisation:Urban areas are becoming less pleasant places to live due to increase in pollution, crime and trafficIncrease in car ownership which has allowed people to live further from their place of workIncrease of people working from home due to technological improvementsAgeing population people tend to move to countryside when they retireBusiness parks on the edge of cities mean that people do not have to commute into the city to work and therefore can live in rural areasNegative impactsConflict between local residents and newcomersJourney to work can cause congestion and pollutionHouse pricesmay rise due to demand increase may mean local people can not afford the houses and must move awaydo not support local businessses and do shopping where they workTraditions of village are not valued by newcomers can be loss of community spiritVillage becomes ghost town during the day- loss of community spiritMany church parishes have been amalgamated as the newcomers do not go to churchPositive impactsLocal schools in greater demandSome locals services supported such as public housesOld derelict farm buildings are turned into habitable dwellings which adds to the aesthetic value and community well beingDepopulation of remote rural areasDecline in people up to 40 in all types of rural areas through 1985- 2005 Increase in all the age bands over 40 except 70-75 led to decline in service provisionIn 2001 there were 600,000 people living in what can be classed as a remote area 45% of people did not live within 4km of doctors surgery 4km of a Post Office and were without bus service situation will continue to worsenas many Post offices closing, in cornwall 25% and devon  22% of Post offices are set to close while country average is 18%ONly 50% of people have bank accounts as no local banks decline in rural services has led to closure of many primary schools such as Satterthwaite in 2006. In cornwall the only major hospital is situated in Plyymouth which is in Devon so if patient is suffering from cancer you would have to travel up to 100 miles to receive treatmnt

Land use in urban areas:Dramatic change, increased demand for housing by UK populationBeen deindustrialisation with manufacturing moving from urban areas in UK to LIC's where producion costs are lessSocial reasonsPeople now marrying later in life average age gone upe from 24 in 1960 to 30 in 2010, been rise in number of divorces family living in two dwellings, ageing population manyy poeple now live on their own or with their spouse until 70-80's more houses needed for younger generation, britis societ changed grandparents live alone rely on welfare state to provide careers and home helpsEconomic reasonsPopulation wealthier people can afford properties mortgage companies offer 100% mortgages with no deposit wherea 20 yrs ago a 10% deposit was required, increase in house prices mean people live in smaller dwelling usually one or two bedroom propertiesPolitical reasonIn 2000 predicted pop of UK would rise by 4.1 million between 2001 and 2021. target on track 600,000 of this increase will be in South east of England. Sustainable communities policy promises 3 million new homes will be built by 2020 200,000 of these in South east. Government has stated that any greenbelt land that is lost by developments will be made up for by new grreenbelt land being designated. Government is also developing eco-towns bids for these towns are just being accepted by the government and the twelve proposed sites

Many buildings abandoned as manufacturing companies moving to LIC's known as brownfield sites derelict building on these sites are either converted into a new such as housing known as renewal or buildings are knocked down and new ones are built known as redevelopment for instance Norwich comprises of 17 hectares located south east of Norwich City Centre led t fouteen screen cinema a large sopping centre and more than 200 residential units new foot and cycl bridges built across the river to give better access to the area.Demand means building on greenfield sites  areas include Bracknell n Berkshire Pacock farm estate close to M4 includes 14,000 new homes 91 acres of country parkland a doctors surgery and two primary schools. Gated suburbs have been developed originated from South Africa to protect residentts 

Reasons:lack of jobs in rural areas due to pop growth and mechanisationsalaries lower in rural areasdevelopment of TNC's and other industry providing jobs in urban areasperception of better life including educationnatural increaseyouth of migrants many at child bearing agebetter medical faciliteshigher life expectancy due to better living conditionslack of contraceptionCase Study-CairoIntrohome to 25% of coutrys poppop grows approx 500,000 a yearIncreased life expectancy from 41 yrs in 1960 to 70 yrs in 2010Average pop density of 30,000 people per square kilometre 2 milllio  cars and 200,000 motorbikes a few thousand buses and a million taxisThree more lines planed for metro by 2022Noise pollutionFrom vechiles, loud speaker calling Muslims to prayer, noise of night clubsAir pollutionCaused by transport and industryPredicted half a million of Cairo's residents will delevop serious health which will result in premature deathIn Shoubra el Kheima  37% of residents suffer from lung problemsChildren in cairo face specific problems rays blocked by smog leads to deficieny of Vitamin D, lead concentration in air from lead smelters at Shoubra el Kheima cause a loss of intelligence at average four IQ points and 80% rise in tooth decayLand pollution:Pop produces 10,000 tonnes of solid waste a dayOnly 60% collectedLots of vermin carry disease Large toxic stockpiles of hazardous waste as much as 50,000 tonnes Water pollution:Caused by domestic and industrial waste water 80% of industrial waste water is discharged untreated into ht eNile can be as much as 2.5 million litres a day hence Egypt's coastal fishing and tourist industry are being damagedEstimate 23%of pop of Cairo does not have access to a fresh water supply and 25%  of  pop is not connected to public sewage system only 15% of sewage water is treated properly, 60% is carrried raw through open canals to the MediterraneanPositive effects of rapid growthLarge pool of workers example Zaballeen who collect and recycle wast purchasing power of such a large population will allow the to go faster lead to expansion in the manufacturing and retail secctorsHousing problem60% live in shanty dwelling have to use cementaries city of the dead no connectin to sewage estimated that range of 30,000 to one million people live in residence Estimated all of the new cities in the desert built over the last 25 yrs are equivalent to 6 months worth of Cairo's natural growhtYoung proffesionals can not marry because strong social rules say that couples cannot wed until the man can provide a home

Functions of a settlement

Changes to rural communities

Changing land use in urban areas

Development of brownfield and greenfield sites

Rapid growth in LIC's