Transport in Animals

Page 71 Fact recall1) Large diffusion distance, small surface area = diffusion slow for demand2a) Mammalsb) Blood passes twice through the heart on one circuit around the body3a) Blood passes through the heart once on one circuitb) Blood is in vessels4) Blood is not in vessels, it is free in body

Page 75 Fact recall1) Left 2a) A- vena cava b- pulmonary veins c- aorta d- right atrium e- coronary arteries f- right ventricle g- left ventricle h- vena cavab) a- pulmonary artery b- aorta c- vena cave d- pulmonary vein e- right atrium f- semi lunar valve g- atrio-ventriclular valve h- left ventricle3) As it is needed to pump heart around the whole of the body, whereas the right only pumps blood to the lungs4a) Semi lunarb) prevent backflow of blood5) The sequence of contraction and relaxation of artria and ventricles, that keeps blood circulating around the body6) Volume decreases, pressure increases in atria

Page 79 Application1) 1.3-0.4=0.9 60/0.9=66bpm2) 1.4-0.3=1.1 60/1.1=54 bpm3) The p wave - contraction of atria has a delay after it before contraction of the ventricles

Page 79 Fact recall1a) Sino atrial nodeb) Sends reqular waves of electrical activity over atrial walls, contracting them2) Non conducting collagen tissue3) Conduct wave of excitation to ventricles4) Carries wave into muscular walls of ventricles, contracting them from apex up5a) Electrocardiogramb) Fibrillation, fast heart rate heart problems

Page 82 Application1) Low levels of protein in the blood can increase it's water potential, meaning less fluid re-enters capillaries at the end of the capillary bed, so more stays in tissue fluid, causing it to swell

Page 82 Fact recall1) a- vein b- capillary c-artery2) Small lumen, folded endothelium, large muscle layer, elastic tissue in wall3a) Veinsb) To prevent backflow of blood4) Fluid surrounding cells in tissues5) fluid forced into spaces around cell, forming tissue fluid6) lymphatic vessel7a) tissue fluid surrounds cells in tissues, blood contains red blood cellsb) lymph is in lymphatic vessel, contains only antibody proteins

Page 86 Application1) curve to left2) As it's affinity for oxygen is higher that adult hb, meaning it becomes more saturated with oxygen at a lower pO2

Page 86 Fact recall1) Red blood cells2) Oxyhaemoglobin3) Tendency hb has to bind with an oxygen molecule4) Alveoli in lungs, site where oxygen first enters blood so high oxygen concentration, oxygen associates5) partial pressure of oxygen, saturation of oxygen6) More oxygen available to cells during activity7) Shift oxygen dissoociation curve right8) Carbonic anahydrase9a) Splits up to give hydrogen and hydrogencarbonate ionsb) Increase in hydrogen ions causes oxyhaemoglobin to disassociate it's oxygen so that haemoglobin can take up hydrogen ions

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