Holy Roman Empire In the early middle ages, Charlemagne brought France & Germany under his rule Charlemagne death --> empire dissolved into separate states 936 Duke Otto I of Saxony took title of King of Germany Successors of Otto took title of “Holy Roman Emperor” worked closely with the church Emperors would have conflicts with the Pope over appointment of church officials Roman because they saw selves as heirs to emperors of ancient Rome Holy because crowned by pope HREmperors often decided who became bishops & abbots within their realm Pope Gregory VII As Cluny reforms strengthened, however the Pope wants to end this Determined to make Ch. Independent of secular rulers Banned practice of lay investiture: where a emperor or lay person (nonmember of clergy) presented bishops with ring & staff that symbolized their office Claimed only pope had that right
Catholic Church Monarchs tried centralizing power; government bureaucracy; developed system of taxes; built a standing army Had their own courts, collected their own taxes and fielded their own armies Had as much, or more power than monarchs Loosely organized system of government in which local lords governed their own lands but owed military service and other support to a greater lord
FedualismNiccolo Machiavelli Renaissance writer - wrote The Prince (1513) Combined personal experience of politics w/ his knowledge of the past to offer a guide to rulers on how to gain and maintain power Urged rulers to do whatever necessary methods to achieve goals Crusades Saw himself as an enemy of oppression and corruption; others said influenced by devil Intent: to free the Holy Land Motives of Crusade: On and off for 200 years First Crusade: Christian knights captured Jerusalem (1099) Muslims sought to destroy Christian kingdoms Hope to win wealth & land Escape troubles at home Adventure Pope Urban II hoped to increase power in Euro & heal schism (split) between Roman & Byzantine churches
Result of the Crusades Encouraged the growth of a money economy Increased trade Increased power of feudal monarchs (e.g.: rulers won rights to levy taxes to support crusades) Brought papal power to greatest height though short lived 1456 - printed first complete edition of the Bible using the first printing press and printing inks in the West
Johann Gutenberg (Mainz, Germany) China for paper making methods and Chinese & Koreans for movable metal type Printing Revolution begun More books caused more pepople to learn how to read , and increased the access to a broad range of knowledge from medicine to astrology to mining
Knights - Code of Chivalry
Code of conduct
Knights required to be brave, loyal & true to their word
Agreed not to ask another knight before opponent has had a chance to put on armor
Dictated to treat captured knights will or release captured if captured promise to pay his ransom
Applied to nobles only
Placed women on pedestal, women to be protected and cherished
Marco Polo
Venetian - called the "Price of Liars"
1271 - set out for China with father & uncle
told stories about the wonders of Chinese civilization
Reconquists
Campaign to drive Muslims from Spain
Christian warriors 1085 recaptured city of Toledo
1300 - controlled entire Iberian Peninsula except Grenada
1469 - Isabella of Castile married Ferdinand of Aragon; combined forces of the rulers opened way for unified state
1492 - Reconquista complete
Isabella & Ferdinand tried imposing unity on diverse people, they joined forces with the towns people against powerful nobles
Was religious tolerated under Muslim Rule, Isabella ended it b/c wanted rel. unity
Isabella launched against Jews & Muslims and wanted people to convert to Christianity
Thirty Year War
Rel & pol causes
Sparked when rebellious nobles threw two royal officials out a window
Ferdinand elected as HREmperor
With Spain, Poland & other Cath States, Ferdinand tried to roll back Reformation
Defeated Bohemians & their Protestant allies
Alarmed, prot powers sent troops into Germany
Fighting caused villages to be burned, crops were destroyed and people were killed without mercy (depopulation)
1648 - signed Peace of Westphalia - aimed to create general Euro peace & an attempt to settle other international problems
Europe
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